Ø

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This article is about the Scandinavian letter. For other uses, see Ø (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Phi or Ef (Cyrillic).
O with slash
Øø
Öö, Ǿǿ, Ø̈ø̈
Usage
Writing systemLatin script
TypeAlphabet
Language of originContested
Phonetic usage
Unicode codepointU+00D8, U+00F8
History
Development
Transliteration equivalentsOE oe, Öö, O/ o/
VariationsÖö, Ǿǿ, Ø̈ø̈
Other
Other letters commonly used withI, E
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Ø (or minuscule: ø) is a letter used in the Danish, Norwegian, Faroese, and Southern Sámi languages. It is mostly used as to represent the mid front rounded vowels, such as [ø] ⓘ and [œ] ⓘ, except for Southern Sámi where it is used as an [oe] diphthong.

The name of this letter is the same as the sound it represents (see usage). Among English-speaking typographers the symbol may be called a "slashed O"[1] or "o with stroke". Although these names suggest it is a ligature or a diacritical variant of the letter ⟨o⟩, it is considered a separate letter in Danish and Norwegian, and it is alphabetized after ⟨z⟩ — thus ⟨x⟩, ⟨y⟩, ⟨z⟩, ⟨æ⟩, ⟨ø⟩, and ⟨å⟩.

In other languages that do not have the letter as part of the regular alphabet, or in limited character sets such as ASCII, ⟨ø⟩ may correctly be replaced with the digraph ⟨oe⟩, although in practice it is often replaced with just ⟨o⟩, e.g. in email addresses. It is equivalent to ⟨ö⟩ used in Swedish (and a number of other languages), and may also be replaced with ⟨ö⟩, as was often the case with older typewriters in Denmark and Norway, and in national extensions of International Morse Code.

⟨ø⟩ (minuscule) is also used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a close-mid front rounded vowel.

Language usage[edit]

Title page of the Christian III Bible, employing the spelling "Københaffn".
O with Stroke and acute in Doulos SIL
  • In modern Danish, Faroese, and Norwegian, the letter is a monophthongal close-mid front rounded vowel, the IPA symbol for which is also [ø] (Unicode U+00F8). As with so many vowels, it has slight variations of "light" quality (in Danish, søster ("sister") is pronounced as [ø], like the "eu" in the French word bleu) and "dark" quality (in Danish, bønne ("bean") is pronounced as [œ], like the "œu" in the French word bœuf).[2] Listen to a Danish speaker reciting the Danish alphabet. In the Suðuroy-dialect of Faroese, the short ø is pronounced [ʏ], e.g. børn [bʏdn] ("children"). The letter was used in both Antiqua and Fraktur from at least as early as the Christian III Bible. Under German influence, the letter ö appeared in older texts (particularly those using Fraktur) and was preferred for use on maps (e.g., for Helsingör or Læsö) until 1957.[3]
  • The Southern Sami language uses the letter ø in Norway. It is used in the diphthongs yø [yo] and øø [oe]. In Sweden, the letter ö is preferred.
  • The Iaai language uses the letter ø to represent the sound [ø].
  • Ø is used in the orthographies of several languages of Africa, such as Lendu, spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Koonzime, spoken in Cameroon.
  • In Danish, ø is also a word, meaning "island". The corresponding word is spelled ö in Swedish and øy in Norwegian.
  • Ø is used as the party letter for the left-wing Danish political party Red-Green Alliance (Enhedslisten).
  • Ǿ (Ø with an acute accent, Unicode U+01FE) may be used in Danish on rare occasions to distinguish its use from a similar word with Ø. Example: hunden gǿr, "the dog barks" against hunden gør (det), "the dog does (it)". This distinction is not mandatory and the first example can be written either gǿr or gør; the first variant (with ǿ) would only be used to avoid confusion. The second example cannot be spelled gǿr. In Danish, hunden gør, "the dog barks", may sometimes be replaced by the non-standard spelling hunden gøer. This is, however, usually based on a misunderstanding of the grammatic rules of conjugation of verbs ending in the letters ø and å. These idiosyncratic spellings are not accepted in the official language standard. On Danish keyboards and typewriters, the acute accent may be typed above any vowel, by pressing the acute key before pressing the letter, but Ǿ is not implemented in the Microsoft Windows keyboard layout for Danish.
  • Ø is used in Old Icelandic texts, when written with the standardized orthography, denoting, among other things the umlauts o > ø and ǫ > ø.
  • In Old Polish texts, the letter Ø represented a nasal vowel (after all nasal vowels had merged).
  • Outside Europe, Ø is used in Latin transliteration of the Seneca language as the equivalent of the ampersand; it abbreviates the Seneca word koh.
  • Ø (or more properly, the similar null sign, ∅), is used in English as a short for "no" or "none", but this usage is discouraged in handwriting, since it may be mistaken as another number, especially "0".[4]

Similar letters[edit]

  • The Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Tatar, Swedish, Icelandic, Rotuman, German, Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian alphabets use the letter Ö instead of Ø. Hungarian orthography uses Ő for the same sound lengthened.
  • Ø / ø is not related to, and should not be confused with similar-looking Greek Φ / φ or Cyrillic Ф / ф.
  • The Cyrillic letter Ө has the same sound as Ø, which is used in the Cyrillic alphabets for Kazakh, Mongolian, Azerbaijani, and other languages that have this sound. This is not to be confused with the Early Cyrillic letter fita Ѳ.
  • The letter Ø-with-diæresis (Ø̈, ø̈) was used by the Øresund bridge company, as part of their logotype, to symbolize its union between Sweden and Denmark. Since Ø-with-diæresis did not exist in computer fonts, it was not used in the text. The logotype now uses the spelling Øresundsbron, with Øresunds- being Danish and -bron being Swedish. The letter Ø-with-diæresis sometimes appears on packaging meant for the Scandinavian market so as to prevent printing the same word twice. For example, liquorice brand Snøre/Snöre's logo on the packaging is Snø̈re. The letter is rarely used on maps (e.g.: Grø̈nland).[5]

Similar symbols[edit]

  • The letter "Ø" is sometimes used in mathematics as a replacement for the symbol "∅" (Unicode character U+2205), referring to the empty set as established by Bourbaki, and sometimes in linguistics as a replacement for same symbol used to represent a zero. The "∅" symbol is always drawn as a slashed circle, whereas in most typefaces the letter "Ø" is a slashed ellipse.
  • The diameter symbol (⌀) (Unicode character U+2300) is similar to the lowercase letter ø, and in some typefaces it even uses the same glyph, although in many others the glyphs are subtly distinguishable (normally, the diameter symbol uses an exact circle and the letter o is somewhat stylized). The diameter symbol is used extensively in engineering drawings, and it is also seen in situations where abbreviating "diameter" is useful, such as on camera lenses. For example, a lens with a diameter of 82 millimeters would be engraved with " ⌀ 82 mm ".
  • Ø or ⌀ is sometimes also used as a symbol for average value, particularly in German-speaking countries. ("Average" in German is Durchschnitt, directly translated as cut-through.)[6]
  • Slashed zero is an alternate glyph for the zero character. Its slash does not extend outside the ellipse (except in handwriting). It is often used to distinguish "zero" ("0") from the Latin script letter "O" anywhere that people wish to preempt confounding of the two, particularly in encoding systems, scientific and engineering applications, computer programming (such as software development), and telecommunications. It is also used in Amateur Radio call signs, such as XXØXX, XØXXX, and so on, in the United States and in other countries. See, also,[7] for information on international amateur radio call signs.
  • The letter "Ø" is often used in trapped-key interlock sequence drawings to denote a key trapped in a lock. A lock without a key is shown as an "O".
  • The letter "Ø" is also used in written music, especially jazz, to type an ad-hoc chord symbol for a half-diminished chord, as in "Cø". The typographically correct chord symbol is spelled with the root name, followed by a slashed degree symbol, as in "C𝆩". The slashed degree symbol is found in the musical symbols block of Unicode but is unsupported by some fonts.
  • The null sign, ∅

History[edit]

The letter arose to represent an /ø/ sound resulting primarily from i-mutation of /o/. There are at least two theories about the origin of the letter ø:[citation needed]

  • It possibly arose as a version of the ligature, Œ, of the digraph "oe", with the horizontal line of the "e" written across the "o".
  • It possibly arose in Anglo-Saxon England as an O and an I written in the same place: compare Bede's Northumbrian Anglo-Saxon period spelling Coinualch for standard Cēnwealh (a man's name) (in a text in Latin). Later the letter ø disappeared from Anglo-Saxon as the Anglo-Saxon sound /ø/ changed to /e/, but by then use of the letter ø had spread from England to Scandinavia.

Computers[edit]

Danish keyboard with keys for Æ, Ø, and Å. On Norwegian keyboards the Æ and Ø switch places.

Some 7-bit ASCII variants defined by ISO/IEC 646 use 0x5C for Ø and 0x7C for ø, replacing the backslash and vertical bar. The most common locations in EBCDIC code pages is 0x80 and 0x70. Most code pages used by MS-DOS such as CP437 did not contain this character, in Scandinavian codepages, Ø replaces the yen sign (¥) at 165, and ø replaces the ¢ sign at 162. The 8-bit ISO-8859-1 and similar sets used 0xD0 and 0xF0, these locations were then inherited by CP1252 on Windows, and by Unicode.

Typing the character[edit]

  • Microsoft Windows: Alt+0216 for Ø and Alt+0248 for ø.
  • "US International" keyboard layout: AltGr+L
  • Microsoft Word: Ctrl+/o.
  • macOS: ⌥ Option+O or ⌥ Option+o.
  • Linux and similar: Compose/O or Compose/o.

Unicode[edit]

  • U+00D8 Ø LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE (Ø)
  • U+00F8 ø LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE (ø)

Not to be confused with the mathematical signs:

  • U+2205 ∅ EMPTY SET (∅, ∅, ∅, ∅)
  • U+2300 ⌀ DIAMETER SIGN

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Ladusaw, William A. (1996). Phonetic Symbol Guide (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 136.
  2. ^ "Introduction". FAQs.org. Nordic FAQ.
  3. ^ "Ø, ø". Den Store Danske.
  4. ^ "Medical Abbreviation Policy (PME006), Appendix A, Prohibited Abbreviations for Handwritten Documentation" (PDF). Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Updated: 11/20/03 Effective 3/3/04
  5. ^ Die Erde: Haack Kleiner Atlas; VEB Hermann Haack geographisch-kartographische Anstalt, Gotha, 1982; p. 78
  6. ^ Beeton, Barbara; Freytag, Asmus; Iancu, Laurențiu; Sargent, Murray III (30 October 2015). "Proposal to Represent the Slashed Zero Variant of Empty Set" (PDF). The Unicode Consortium. p. 6.
  7. ^ "ITU Table of Allocation of International Call Sign Series". arrl.org. Newington, CT: American Radio Relay League.

References[edit]

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