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Hardnesses of the elements (data page)

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Atomic number Chemical symbol name Mohs hardness[1] Vickers hardness
(MPa)[1]		 Brinell hardness
(MPa)[1]		 Brinell hardness
(MPa)[note 1][2]
3 Li lithium 0.6 5
4 Be beryllium 5.5 1,670 590–1,320
5 B boron 9.3[3] 4,900-5,800 [4]
6 C carbon (graphite) 0.5
carbon (diamond) 10
11 Na sodium 0.5 0.69
12 Mg magnesium 2.5 260 44 (cast)
13 Al aluminium 2.75 160–350 160–550 184
14 Si silicon 7-7.5
16 S sulfur 2
19 K potassium 0.4 0.363
20 Ca calcium 1.75 170 416
21 Sc scandium 736–1,200
22 Ti titanium 6 830–3,420 716–2,770 1,028
23 V vanadium 7 628–640 600–628 742
24 Cr chromium 8.5 1,060 687-6,500 688
25 Mn manganese 6 196
26 Fe iron 4.5 608 200-1,180 590-1,140
27 Co cobalt 5.5 1,043 470–3,000 1,291
28 Ni nickel 4 638 667–1,600 900–1,200
29 Cu copper 3 343–369 235–878 520
30 Zn zinc 2.5 327–412 480–520
31 Ga gallium 1.5 56.8–68.7
32 Ge germanium 6
33 As arsenic 3.5 1,440
34 Se selenium 2 736
37 Rb rubidium 0.3 0.216
38 Sr strontium 1.5
39 Y yttrium 200–589
40 Zr zirconium 5 820–1,800 638–1,880 333
41 Nb niobium 6 870–1,320 735–2,450 735
42 Mo molybdenum 5.5 1,400–2,740 1,370–2,500 1,340 (cast)
44 Ru ruthenium 6.5 2,160 1,795
45 Rh rhodium 6 1,100–8,000 980–1,350 540
46 Pd palladium 4.75 400–600 320–610 310
47 Ag silver 2.5 250 245–250 206
48 Cd cadmium 2 203–220 196
49 In indium 1.2 8.83-10 9.8
50 Sn tin 1.5 51–75 292–441 (cast)
51 Sb antimony 3 294–384
52 Te tellurium 2.25 180–270
55 Cs caesium 0.2 0.147
56 Ba barium 1.25
57 La lanthanum 2.5 360–1,750 350–400
58 Ce cerium 210–470 186–412
59 Pr praseodymium 1.6 250–746 250–638
60 Nd neodymium 343–746 265–700
61 Pm promethium 617.8
62 Sm samarium 412–441 441–600
63 Eu europium 167–200
64 Gd gadolinium 510–950
65 Tb terbium 450–863 677–1,200
66 Dy dysprosium 412–550 500–1,050
67 Ho holmium 412–600 500–1,250
68 Er erbium 2 432–700 600–1,070
69 Tm thulium 470–650 471–900
70 Yb ytterbium 206–250 343–441
71 Lu lutetium 755–1,160 893–1,300
72 Hf hafnium 5.5 1,520–2,060 1,450–2,100
73 Ta tantalum 6.5 873–1,200 441-3,430 441–1,224
74 W tungsten 7.5 3,430–4,600 2,000–4,000 1,960–2,450
75 Re rhenium 7 1,350-7,850 1,320–2,500
76 Os osmium 3,920–4,000 3,487
77 Ir iridium 6.5 1,760–2,200 1,670 2,120
78 Pt platinum 4.6-5 400–549 310–500 299
79 Au gold 2.5 188–216 188–245 189
80 Hg mercury 1.5
81 Tl thallium 1.2 26.5–44.7
82 Pb lead 1.5 38–50 37.5–41.8 (cast)
83 Bi bismuth 2.25 70–94.2 70
90 Th thorium 3 294–687 390–1,500
92 U uranium 6 1,960–2,500 2,350–3,850

Notes

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  1. ^ Hardness can vary by several hundred percent depending on the pretreatment, see e.g. Iron#Mechanical properties and Angelo Basile; Fausto Gallucci (2011). Membranes for Membrane Reactors: Preparation, Optimization and Selection. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-0-470-74652-3.

References

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  1. ^ a b c G.V. Samsonov, ed. (1968). "Mechanical Properties of the Elements". Handbook of the physicochemical properties of the elements. New York, USA: IFI-Plenum. pp. 387–446. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-6066-7_7. ISBN 978-1-4684-6066-7. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02.
  2. ^ John Harris; Walter Benenson; Horst Stöcker (2002). Handbook of physics. Springer. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-387-95269-7.
  3. ^ Kirk-Othmer, ed. (2001-01-26). Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (1 ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0215181510011419.a01.pub2. ISBN 978-0-471-48494-3.
  4. ^ "The Genetic Atlas".

See also

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