Rudolf Roessler

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Not to be confused with Rudolf Rössler (painter).
Rudolf Roessler
Roessler along with Xaver Schnieper, who is not shown, being escorted by Swiss authorities in 1953 during his arrest.
Born22 November 1897 (1897-11-22)
Kaufbeuren, Bavaria, German Empire
Died11 December 1958(1958-12-11) (aged 61)
Kriens, Switzerland
NationalityGerman
Other namesLucy or Lucie
CitizenshipGerman
Occupation(s)Journalist, Publisher, editor Agent
Years active1939-1943
OrganizationRote Drei

Rudolf Roessler (German: Rößler; 22 November 1897 – 11 December 1958) was a Protestant German and dedicated anti-Nazi.[1] During the interwar period, Roessler was a lively cultural journalist, with a focus on theatre.[2] In 1934, Roessler became stateless by Germany and as a political refugee,moved to Lucerne in Switzerland. There he established a small anti-fascist publishing firm in Lucerne known as Vita Nova that published works of exiled writers.[3] Late in the summer of 1942, Roessler ran the Lucy spy ring, an anti-Nazi Soviet espionage operation that was part of the Rote Drei[4] while working for Rachel Dübendorfer through the cut-out Christian Schneider (editor) [de].[5] Roessler was able to provide a great quantity of high-quality intelligence, around 12,000 typed pages,[1] sourced from the German High Command of planned operations on the Eastern Front, usually within a day of operational decisions being made.[5] Later in the war, Roessler was able to provide the Soviet Union with intelligence on the V-1 and V-2 missiles.[2] During the Cold War, Roessler reactivated his network and spied on NATO countries in Western Europe under orders from the military intelligence services of the Czechoslovak Republic, until he was arrested by the Swiss authorities and convicted of espionage in 1953.

Early life[edit]

Roessler was born on 22 November 1897 in Kaufbeuren, Kingdom of Bavaria.[6] His father was Lutheran Bavarian Forestry official[7] Georg Roessler and his mother was Sophie née Kleemann.[8] He was the youngest of five children. Roessler graduated from St Anna High School [de] in Augsburg at the age of 17.[2]

Military career[edit]

When he was eighteen, Roessler was drafted into the 120th (2nd Württemberg) Infantry "Emperor William, King of Prussia" regiment of the Imperial German Army in Ulm in 1916.[2][9] On 28 April 1916, he was sentenced to 5 months and 15 days in prison for unauthorized removal from the troops; an appeal against this was unsuccessful. Roessler was pardoned to serve at the front on 15 July.[8] First he was commanded to the Battle of the Somme, one of the most costly battles of World War I on the Western Front. After the failed British breakthrough attempts came to an end, Roessler took part in trench warfare on the slightly dented German front from 27 November to 21 December. After serving at the front, he developed a lengthy stomach and intestinal illness near Arras and was admitted to the Denain and Tegel hospitals for treatment.[10]

From 25 May to 12 July 1917, Roessler's unit was deployed to an area south of Ypres, that was under continuous British bombardment from 21 May to 7 June. From 20 July to 10 August 1917 the unit was located in the Upper Alsace. Roessler then fought in the Third Battle of Ypres from 19 August to 10 September 1917. From 11 September to 12 November, Roessler took part in the fighting along the Hindenburg Line. On 13 November, his unit moved north. There he was removed from fighting near Hooglede on 6 December and taken to a hospital near Deinze.[10] In January and February 1918, Roessler fought in the trenches in Flanders. His stomach and intestinal disease had not healed and he was admitted to a military hospital in Ghent on 28 February 1918, recuperating for more than a month. On 15 March 1919, he was discharged from the army.[10]

Roessler was left with a lasting impression of how inhumanely the war was fought in 1916 and 1917 and the methods with which the masses were abused for the survival of a power-hungry class.[10]

Civilian career[edit]

After the end of the war, he studied theology in Augsburg.[11] Roessler, a liberal conservative, became a pacifist and an opponent of Nazism.[12] He started working as a trainee journalist at the Munich-Augsburger Abendzeitung [de],[13] a German daily newspaper which was one of the most important Catholic newspapers in Germany until it was banned by the National Socialists in 1935.[14] In 1922, Roessler founded the Augsburger Literary Society[14] along with Bertold Brecht and others[15] and became its chairman. Many prominent writers joined the society including Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, Stefan Zweig, Hermann Graf Keyserling and Fedor Stepun.[16] In the same year he was promoted to editor, a position he held for a year.

In 1924, Roessler moved to work at the Allgemeine Zeitung, a daily newspaper printed in Bavaria, reporting on Augsburg.[14] From 1925, Roessler contributed copy to the Frankfurter Zeitung, the Kölnische Zeitung and the Vossische Zeitung newspapers. From 1925 to 1927, he was editor of Form und Sinn ("Form and Sense"), a journal for art and intellectual life.[16] Hans Carossa and Hermann Hesse published articles in this short-lived journal.[16] On 15 July 1926, in an essay entitled Das Glaubensbekenntnis der Dichter (The Poets' Creed), Roessler himself approvingly reviewed the recently published work Das Gute (The Good) by the then well-known Basel philosopher Paul Häberlin. In it, Häberlin asserted the unity of goodness, beauty and truth in God's creation. Roessler adopted this point of view.[17]

Stage People's Association[edit]

In 1927, Roessler became associated with the Christian-conservative Bühnenvolksbund [de] (Stage People's Association)[17] in Berlin, that from 1919 to 1933, attempted to increase the number of people attending theatre, to ensure the advancement of German theatre stage people. The Bühnenvolksbund wanted to revive Christian plays such as Christmas, Passion and other mystery plays. The theatre's were to be encouraged to include such plays in their repertoires. However, these efforts were never successful as membership fees combined with state subsidies were insufficient to enable the organisation to maintain a stable financial position.

In 1928, he became executive director and a playwright for the association as well as head of the Bühnenvolksbund publishing house.[18] For the next two years, Roessler edited the magazines Form und Sinn and from August 1932, the Deutsche Bühnenblätter, a theatre magazine[14] and was co-editor of the Bühnenvolksbund Das Nationaltheater ("National theatre") magazine.[14] In 1930, he co-wrote Thespis : das Theaterbuch (Thespis: the theatre book), which summarised theatre production in Germany from 1924 to 1929, with German art historian Oskar Fischel [de], German writer Walter Hollander and Austro-German writer, poet and art critic Theodor Däubler.[14][17] Roessler was also chairman of the supervisory board of the stage companies, Südwestdeutsche Bühne GmbH Frankfurt, the Schlesische Bühne GmbH Breslau and the Ostpreußische Bühne GmbH Königsberg.[18]

Impeachment and expulsion[edit]

In Berlin, he was a member of the Herren Klub, a prestigious gentleman's club, where he met senior officers from the German military, many who would later become his contacts within Germany and assist with the disclosure of classified information.[12]

In 1932, the Militant League for German Culture (Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur, KfdK) began to found its own theatre visitors' association and to persuade at least some of the middle-class members of the Stage People's Association to join the Nazi association. Roessler opposed the ethnic politicization of theatre and the attempt to subordinate art to mass taste. Rather, he believed that art should influence mass taste. From the KfdK's point of view, this was an arrogant liberal and conservative idea. After the Reichstag elections on 5 March 1933, the Nazis quickly began to dissolve the Stage People's Association and transfer the local groups and their members and the regional associations into the ethnic Reich Association of the German Stage (Reichsverband Deutsche Bühne). The Stage People's Association at the Reich level was to be dissolved.[19]

On 5 May 1933, the chairman of the KfdK, Hans Hinkel, who later became the third managing director of the Reich Chamber of Culture, placed Roessler on leave and prohibited him from continuing to exercise his directorship, effectively expelling him.[20] On 8 May, the KfdK took over Roessler's desk. Roessler and Brünker (Roesslers deputy) fought for an interim injunction against the removal before the Berlin district court. The Prussian Prime Minister Hermann Göring then told the press that he would no longer tolerate the KfdK's attacks but would punish them. The KfdK actually brought back the furniture that had been taken away. However, he later withdrew the financial assets of the Stage People's Association, which were essentially funded by members' contributions.[19]

As a result, the Stage People's Association became insolvent and the ethnic Reichsverband Deutsche Bühne e.V filed an application with the Mitte district court on 29 May 1933 to open bankruptcy proceedings because of an outstanding invoice from a typewriter supplier in the amount of 1,170 RM. On 15 June 1933, bankruptcy proceedings were opened and from then on, Roessler was without income. In 1934, an investigation was initiated against Roessler and the Sturmabteilung appeared to search his office.[19] In May 1934, Roessler left Germany as a political refugee and emigrated to Lucerne Switzerland with his wife Olga,[14] with the help of his friend, the Swiss librarian and Marxist Xaver Schnieper[21], who Roessler had met during his studies in drama[4] in Germany.[22]

Vita Nova[edit]

Memorandum on the future course of the war

In January 1934 and while still in Berlin, he co-founded the Vita Nova Verlag ("New Life Publisher") publishing house in Lucerne, Switzerland along with the Catholic bookseller Josef Stocker and the financier Henriette Racine.[14] Stocker had been encouraged to help co-found the publishing firm by Jesuit priest and theological philosopher Otto Karrer[23], with the introductions arranged by Schnieper.[24] Vita Nova was an anti-Nazi publishing house[25] that primarily published German writers in exile.[26] Vita Nova published some fifty brochures and books that attacked both Nazism and Stalinism, contrasting them with the Christian values of the older Germany and Russia.[23] The small firm also published books that were critical of Francoist Spain.[23] Indeed, the firm provided the only real publishing house for exiled Christian, Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox writer and playwrights to publish their work.[23] Amongst others it published Russian religious philosopher Nikolai Berdyaev and the Catholic philosopher Emmanuel Mounier and the German philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Foerster.[27] Roessler used the pseudonym, "R. A. Hermes” to publish his own work at Vita Nova.[14] From 1940-1941, Roessler wrote and published a 94-page memorandum using his Hermes pseudonym that was titled Die Kriegsschauplätze und die Bedingungen der Kriegführung (Memorandum on the war situation after the Battle of Britain) that discussed how partisans forces needed to be formed in countries that had been conquered,[28] otherwise the country had to be dominated by forces in place.[29] He described how Germany would fail to take this lesson into account, particularly in Poland and the Soviet Union, where the campaigns would be designed as a war of annihilation between two races and two world views.[30]

Expatriation[edit]

On 20 May 1935, the German consulate in Basel refused to issue Roessler with new passport and he was informed privately that he was being deported, i.e. made stateless. The Nazi regime finally revoked his German citizenship in 1937.[14] The expatriation of Roessler and his wife was officially announced in the German Reichsanzeiger [de] newspaper, No. 96 of 28 April 1937.[31] Roessler violated loyalty to the Reich and the people and damaged German interests.[24] In 1940, Roessler obtained a Czechoslovakian passport for himself and his wife, which was issued to him by the consulate in Marseille of the no longer existing Czechoslovak Republic. In the event of a German occupation of Switzerland, he wanted to make it possible for him to leave the country.[32]

From 1936 to 1939, Roessler worked on the semi-monthly left-wing Catholic and radically democratic journal Die Entscheidung (The Decision)[14] that was published by Xaver Schnieper.[24] The editors were Xaver Schnieper, the Nidwalden architect and later intelligence officer Arnold Stöckli and the lawyers Hans Segesser auf Brunegg and Bernhard Mayr von Baldegg, with whom Roessler met regularly in private.[33] After 1939, the editors were called up for active military service, so publication stopped.[34] Here Roessler published his own work using the "Arbiter” pseudonym.[14]

Intelligence service[edit]

Büro Ha[edit]

Main article: Büro Ha
Hausamann in the structure of the Swiss intelligence service

In April 1939, Roessler's friend Schnieper met the photo dealer Hans Hausamann while on vacation in Lugano. Hausamann ran a press service and specialised in military intelligence from 1935 onwards. Schnieper shared his political views, so Hausamann asked him to find him an employee. Schnieper suggested his university friend Franz Wallner, who was able to fulfill the intelligence service tasks assigned to him. Hausamann therefore asked Schnieper to find another employee who was familiar with conditions in Germany. Schnieper suggested his friend Roessler.[35][6] Roessler anticipated that the Nazis would soon launch a military attack on Switzerland and therefore agreed to work with Hausamann.[36] but only on the condition that the offer was official.[6] At that time, Schnieper was working as a junior officer in the Swiss military intelligence agency Büro Ha, at the time located near Teufen, and he introduced Roessler to Major Hausamann.[4] However, he avoided meeting with him personally, so Hausamann used Franz Wallner, who lived in Lucerne, as an intermediary. From the summer of 1939 to May 1944, he sent him 80-130 individual reports per month[37] but Hausamann did not pass on any information to Roessler.[38] Roessler became one of the most important sources of intelligence for Büro Ha.[39]

Rote Drei[edit]

Another recipient of Roessler's messages and analyses was Alexander Radó, who ran a Soviet espionage network in Switzerland[40] that became known in Germany as the Rote Drei.[41]

Roessler was recruited into the espionage network by Soviet agents Paul Böttcher (politician) [de] and Rachel Dübendorfer via Christian Schneider (editor) [de]. Schneider, an economist, became an editor at the Gladbecker Zeitung newspaper after completing his studies. In 1926, he was selected from 230 applicants as a translator at the International Labour Organization (ILO) in Geneva. He remained there until the end of his employment in 1939, when the ILO laid off staff because its importance had declined, resulting in Schneider becoming unemployed. At the same time, Roessler placed an advertisement in the Neue Zürcher Zeitung looking for a publisher who could also work in French-speaking Switzerland. Schneider applied for the job and Roessler hired him. Schneider began to set up a branch of the publishing house in Geneva.[42] Roessler and Schneider had similar political views and got on well, which resulted in Roessler telling Schneider of the reports he was receiving.[43]

World War II[edit]

Organisational diagram of the core members of the Rote Drei in Switzerland
Roessler was part of the Sissy group, that was run by Rachel Dübendorfer. Although Roessler is contained in the hierarchy diagram, he never met Dübendorfer directly. Instead documents were given to Christian Schneider who couriered them from Lucerne to Geneva to deliver either to Dübendorfer or Paul Böttcher, who forwarded them to Radó

On 30 May 1938, Roessler was visited by two of his contacts, the German generals Fritz Thiele and Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff, who would eventually become the officer in charge of the intelligence department of Army Group Centre in the Eastern Front.[44] Roessler was provided with an Enigma machine and the latest shortwave transmitter and told to start listening for messages from Thiele who was stationed in the Bendlerblock. The messages were sent using the call-sign RAHS.[44] A typical day for Roessler was to receive transmissions via the Broadcasting Center during his work day, and rebroadcast that information to the Russian military after leaving work for the evening.

During his career, Roessler provided intelligence to the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, at the minimum. He was often able to deliver accurate intelligence within one day of the orders being issued. For instance, a German army commander found a copy of his own orders in the Red Army headquarters building in the Polish town of Łomża when his unit occupied it after wresting it from the Russians. This was reported to the German high command, yet they were unable to find the leak.[4]

Operation Citadel[edit]

In early March 1943, Hitler planned a massive offensive against the Kursk salient known as Operation Citadel in the hope of regaining the initiative in the east.[45] On 15 April 1943, Hitler signed Order Number 6 to begin the offensive.[45]Within 24 hours Alexander Foote had informed Soviet intelligence.[45] Roessler's intelligence wasn't only strategic in nature;[45] he also supplied the Soviets with detailed information on the new German Panther tank.[45]

Roessler's Sources in World War II[edit]

The record of messages transmitted show that Roessler had four important sources.[4] It was never discovered who they were.[4] The four sources whose codenames were Werther, Teddy, Olga, and Anna were responsible for 42.5 percent of the intelligence sent from Switzerland to the Soviet Union.[4]

The search for the identity of those sources has created a very large body of work of varying quality and offering various conclusions.[46] Several theories can be dismissed immediately, including by Foote and several other writers, that the code names reflected the sources' access type rather than their identity- for example, that Werther stood for Wehrmacht, Olga for Oberkommando der Luftwaffe, Anna for Auswärtiges Amt (Foreign Office)- as the evidence does not support it.[4] Alexander Radó made this claim in his memoirs, that were examined in a Der Spiegel article.[47] Three and a half years before his death, Roessler described the identity of the four sources to a confidant.[4] They were a German major who was in charge of the Abwehr before Wilhelm Canaris, Hans Bernd Gisevius, Carl Goerdeler and a General Boelitz, who was then deceased.[4]

The most reliable study by the CIA Historical Review Program[4] concluded that of the four sources, the most important source was Werther. The study stated he was likely Wehrmacht General Hans Oster, other Abwehr officers working with Swiss intelligence, or Swiss intelligence on its own. [48][4] There was no evidence to link the other three codenames to known individuals.[4] The CIA believed that the German sources gave their reports to Swiss General Staff, who in turn supplied Roessler with information that the Swiss wanted to pass to the Soviets.[49]

Arrest[edit]

Roessler, along with Paul Böttcher, Rachel Dübendorfer, the courier Tamara Vigier, and Christian Schneider, were arrested on 19 May 1944.[4] On 22–23 October 1945, the Swiss military court sentenced each to two years.[4] Roessler was incarcerated at the prison of Lausanne until his release on 6 September 1944.[50]

Cold War[edit]

A period copy of Bertolt Brecht's Die Dreigroschenoper (The Threepenny Opera), music by Kurt Weill, performed in Berlin in 1928, burnt in the public square on 10 May 1933. Brecht, who was a year ahead of Roessler in school, had left Germany three months earlier, like many other left-wing intellectuals.

Roessler was arrested again on 9 March 1953,[20] at the same time as Xaver Schnieper.[14]

Under interrogation Roessler admitted that he had been contacted by Karel Sedlacek in 1947,[14] who at the time was the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic's Military Attaché in Bern.[51] Sedlacek knew Schnieper well and he also knew that both Schnieper and Roessler as freelance journalists would be struggling to make ends meet.[4] Sedlacek then ordered Roessler, via an intermediary, to reactivate his wartime Rote Kapelle spy ring. Roessler, by virtue of his wartime reputation, was giving a sweeping brief. He was told to report all military and air force matters in Western Europe, the U.K., and Spain under Franco, and in particular to concentrate on infiltrating the United States military and Intelligence operations in Western Europe.[51] Roessler trial was held on 2 November 1953, where he was charged with spying on West Germany for Communist Czechoslovakia. He was sentenced to twenty-one months in prison, minus the time he spent in detention awaiting the trial.[14] Roessler was imprisoned for nine months and released in early 1954.

After he was released from jail, Roessler spent his last years living quietly in Kriens. He continued to write.[14] His articles, which were unsigned, appeared in the Lucerne daily newspaper, the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland, Freie Innerschweiz.[52] Roessler continued to argue against West German rearmament and for international solidarity.[14] The articles can be split into two categories.[52] The first category was short articles of one to two pages and that focused on a part of a larger topic. The second and more important was articles that were on specific areas of interest, ran to four or five pages and covered subjects within economic, social, colonial and security policy.[52] These bigger articles often contained a number of abbreviations that were subject to change, so it was not possible for the reader to determine who the author was.[52] Roessler was disillusioned with the Cold War, particularly after his trial, particularly when he was accused of spying in favour of the Soviet Union.[52] Therefore, his work at the newspaper was not formally recognized. Even this obituary failed to mention his work there.[52]

Roessler was not a Social Democrat.[52] So it was difficult to determine how his political analysis was affected by his articles being published in a social-democratic daily newspaper, as other sources on his life, politics and cultural outlook have so far been lacking. In a telephone call to the Freie Innerschweiz on 29 May 1991, his friend, Xaver Schnieper confirmed that Roessler would certainly not have written anything that contradicted his own opinion.[52]

Roessler was committed to the socially disadvantaged, combined with a criticism of the idea that technology and armament were the only way to a better world. He had aversion to the hysteria of the Cold War and its associated militarism that made him appear more left-wing today than many social democrats at the time.[52]

Analysis[edit]

There are a number of sources that claim that the Red Three was functioning before the war and that Roessler, as Lucy, sent information to the Soviets that provided advanced warning of Hitler's impending attack on Russia.[4] However, on examination of the radio messages that were transmitted by the group, proves that Rachel Dübendorfer didn't form a clandestine relationship with Roessler until the late summer of 1942.

Roessler's value to the Red Three and the Soviets derived entirely from his sources in Germany. This context is probably misleading, as the CIA believed that the German sources gave their intelligence to Swiss General Staff, who in turn supplied Roessler with information that the Swiss wanted to pass to the Soviets.[49]

Publications[edit]

  • Roessler, Rudolf (1941). Die Kriegsschauplätze und die Bedingungen der Kriegführung (in German). Lucerne: Vita-Nova Verlag. OCLC 71984810.

See also[edit]

  • Vita Nova Swiss publishing house created by Roessler

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Time Inc (12 May 1967). LIFE. Time Inc. p. 10. ISSN 0024-3019. 00243019. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d Kellerhoff 2013.
  3. ^ Richelson 1997, p. 128.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Tittenhofer 1993.
  5. ^ a b Bauer, Arthur O. "KV 2/1627 - Rudolph ROESSLER". The National Archives, Kew. p. 14. Retrieved 2 July 2020.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ^ a b c Kesaris 1979, p. 344.
  7. ^ Adams 2009, p. 373.
  8. ^ a b Kamber 2010a, p. 93.
  9. ^ Volkman 1996, p. 239.
  10. ^ a b c d Kamber 2010a, p. 94.
  11. ^ Accoce & Quet 1967, p. 30.
  12. ^ a b Jörgensen 2004, p. 94.
  13. ^ Accoce & Quet 1967, p. 29.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Huber 2003.
  15. ^ Schäfer 2021, p. 203.
  16. ^ a b c Kamber 2010a, p. 95.
  17. ^ a b c Kamber 2010a, p. 96.
  18. ^ a b Kamber 2010b, p. 6.
  19. ^ a b c Kamber 2010a, pp. 96–98.
  20. ^ a b "Werther hat nie gelebt" (in German). Spiegel-Verlag. Der Spiegel. 10 July 1972. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  21. ^ Carlisle, Rodney (26 March 2015). Encyclopedia of Intelligence and Counterintelligence. New York: Routledge. p. 533. ISBN 978-1-317-47177-6.
  22. ^ Piekałkiewicz 1974, p. 203.
  23. ^ a b c d Conzemius 1989.
  24. ^ a b c Kamber 2010a, p. 98.
  25. ^ Wachtel & Shrayer 2021.
  26. ^ Killy & Vierhaus 2011, p. 389.
  27. ^ "Vita Nova-Verlag". Verbrannte Und Verbannte (in German). BerlinOnline Stadtportal GmbH & Co. Archived from the original on 4 May 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  28. ^ Roessler 1941, p. 78.
  29. ^ Roessler 1941, p. 22.
  30. ^ Fröhlich 2015, p. 120.
  31. ^ "Official annoucements". No. 96. Berlin. Deutscher Reichsanzeiger. 28 April 1937. Archived from the original on 4 May 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  32. ^ Kamber 2010b, p. 172.
  33. ^ Kamber 2010b, pp. 47, 165.
  34. ^ Weibel, Rolf (April 2004). "Utopische Momente in der katholischen Jugendbewegung des 20. Jahrhunderts (I)". Schweizerische Kirchenzeitung (in German). Kriens: Brunner Medien AG. Archived from the original on 4 May 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  35. ^ Kamber 2010b, p. 164.
  36. ^ Matt 1969, p. 191.
  37. ^ Kamber 2010b, pp. 47–48.
  38. ^ Radó 1973, p. 297.
  39. ^ Campbell, Kenneth J. (2011). "A Swiss Spy". American Intelligence Journal. 29 (2). National Military Intelligence Foundation: 159–162. JSTOR 26201964.
  40. ^ Kesaris 1979, p. 335.
  41. ^ Kesaris 1979, p. 173.
  42. ^ Kamber 2010b, pp. 166–169.
  43. ^ Kamber 2010b, pp. 169–171.
  44. ^ a b Jörgensen 2004, p. 95.
  45. ^ a b c d e Jörgensen 2004, p. 98.
  46. ^ Mulligan, Timothy P. (April 1987). "Spies, Ciphers and 'Zitadelle': Intelligence and the Battle of Kursk, 1943". Journal of Contemporary History. 22 (2). Sage Publications, Inc: 235–260. doi:10.1177/002200948702200203. JSTOR 260932.
  47. ^ "Werther hat nie gelebt" (in German). No. 29. Spiegel-Verlag. Der Spiegel. 9 July 1972. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  48. ^ Kesaris 1979, p. 185-193.
  49. ^ a b Kesaris 1979, p. 345.
  50. ^ Kesaris 1979, p. 167.
  51. ^ a b Bauer, Arthur O. "KV 2/1627 - Rudolph ROESSLER". The National Archives, Kew. p. 5. Retrieved 2 July 2020.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  52. ^ a b c d e f g h i "PA 215 Roessler, Rudolf: Manuskripte für die "Freie Innerschweiz", 1938-1958 (Akzession)". State Archives of Lucerne. Staatsarchiv des Kantons Luzern. Retrieved 26 December 2020.

Bibliography[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rudolf Rößler.
  • Accoce, Pierre; Quet, Pierre (1972). A man called Lucy. A Berkley medallion book. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. OCLC 3998850.
  • Boveri, Margaret (1956). Der Verrat im XX. Jahrhundert. Rowohlts deutsche Enzyklopädie, 23-24, 23-24 ; 58 ; 105-106 (in German). Hamburg: Rowohlt. pp. 114–123. OCLC 1284501429.
  • C.P.S. (6 November 1953). "Le Jugement Contre Roessler Et Schnieper" [The judgment against Roessler and Schnieper] (in French). D.J. Couchoud. La Tribune de Lausanne.
  • Fischer, Ernst (2020). "Rössler, Rudolf". Geschichte des deutschen Buchhandels im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Teil 3, Suppl: Exilbuchhandel - Supplement / verf. von Ernst Fischer (in German) (2nd updated and expanded ed.). Frankfurt: MBV Marketing- und Verl.-Service des Buchhandels. p. 410. ISBN 978-3110688634.
  • Foote, Alexander (1954). Handbuch für Spione Handbuch für Spione (in German). Darmstadt: Leske Verlag. OCLC 1201232765.
  • Hastings, Max (2015). The secret war : spies, codes and guerrillas 1939-45. London: William Collins. ISBN 9780007503742. OCLC 934038363.
  • Kamber, Peter (2010). "Csatorna Berlinbe - Rachel Dübendorfer, Christian Schneider és Rudolf Roessler". In Hegedüs, Abel; Suba, János (eds.). Tanulmányok Radó Sándorról (in Hungarian). Budapest: HM Hadtörténeti Intézet és Múzeum. pp. 45–73. Studies on Alexander Radó. Edited versions of the papers presented at the scientific conference held in Budapest on 4-5 November 2009
  • Kurz, Hans Rudolf (1972). Nachrichtenzentrum Schweiz: die Schweiz im Nachrichtendienst des zweiten Weltkriegs (in German). Frauenfeld: Huber. ISBN 9783719304393. OCLC 870632.
  • Read, Anthony; Fisher, David (1981). Operation Lucy: most secret spy ring of the Second World War (First American ed.). New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, Inc. ISBN 0-698-11079-X.
  • Röder, Werner; Strauss, Herbert A. (1980). "Rössler, Rudolf". Biographisches Handbuch der deutschsprachigen Emigration nach 1933. Vol. 1. Munich: K.G. Saur ; Distributed by Gale Research Company. p. 609. ISBN 9783598100871.
  • Rossé, Christian; Marguerat, Philippe (2006). Le Service de renseignements suisse face à la menace allemande, 1939-1945. Renseignement, histoire & géopolitique. Études (in French). Lavauzelle: Panazol (Haute-Vienne). ISBN 9782702512852. OCLC 421037965.
  • Thomas, Louis (1968). "Alexander Rado" (PDF). Studies in Intelligence. 12 (3).
  • Tittenhofer, Mark A. (4 August 2011). "The Rote Drei: Getting Behind the 'Lucy' Myth" (PDF). CIA Library. Center for the Study of Intelligence. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  • Volkman, Ernest (1994). Spies: the secret agents who changed the course of history. New York: John Wiley. pp. 237–246. ISBN 9780471557142.
  • Ziemke, Earl F. (1980). The Soviet juggernaut. World War II. Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books. ISBN 0809433893. OCLC 6709078.
  • "Sandor Rado: The Jovial and Worldly Spy". Studies in Intelligence. 30. Center for the Study of Intelligence: 2. 1986. ISSN 1527-0874.
  • Schnieper, Xaver (28 May 1966). "Mobilisierung des Gewissens. Porträtskizze Rudolf Rössler" (in German). No. 128. Lucerne. Freie Innerschweiz.
  • "Lucy contra OKH" (in German). No. 12. Hamburg: Spiegel-Verlag. Der Spiegel. 16 March 1954. p. 20. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  • "Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft contra Lucy" (in German). No. 14. Hamburg: Spiegel-Verlag. Der Spiegel. 30 March 1954. p. 29. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  • "Verräter im Führerhauptquartier" (in German). No. 4. Hamburg: Spiegel-Verlag. Der Spiegel. 15 January 1967. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
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