User:Nigosh/done/Tilos

Tílos (Greek: Τήλος; ancient form: Telos) is a small Greek island located in the Aegean Sea. It is part of the Dodecanese group of islands, and lies midway between Kos and Rhodes.

Population: 535 (2001) [1]

Popularly, Telos was the son of Helios and Halia, the sister of the Telchines. He came to the island in search of herbs to heal his ill mother, and later returned to found a temple to Apollo and Neptune. However, Telos (Telo or Tilo) does not appear in Greek mythology and the name probably has an unknown pre-Hellenic origin.

Pliny the Elder notes that in antiquity it was known as Agathussa (Αγαθούσσα) (also Agathusa and Agathousa). In the middle ages it was known by the Italian Piscopi or Episcopi (also Pisconia).

Geography

Tílos has an inverted 'S' shape, is about 14.5 km long, north-west to south-east, with a maximum width of 8 km and an area of about 61 km². The island has a mountainous limestone interior, volcanic lowlands, pumice beds and red lava sand, like its north western neighbour Nisyros. It is well supplied by springs, and is potentially very fertile and productive. Its coasts are generally rocky or pebbled, but there are also a number of sandy beaches.

At the north-west end of the island, the Monastery of Áyios Pandeleímon sits on the slopes Mt. Profítis Ilías (651 m). The mountain borders a fertile plain running across the island's width, with Áyios Andónis to the north and Éristos to the south. To the north-east of the plain is the capital, Megálo Chorió, built in the early 19th century at the foot of the ancient city of Telos. This is the site of the acropolis of the ancient city, dedicated to Pythios Apollo and Poliada Athina, and the Venetian Kástro, built over it. To the west is Kharkhadió Cave, where excavations in 1971 unearthed Neolithic finds and bones of dwarf elephant. Above the cave stand the ruins of the medeival Fortress of Mesariá . At southern end of the island, bordered by more fertile meadows, is Livádhia, the major harbour and the economic centre of the island. The old capital, Mikró Chorió, overlooks the bay. It was first settled in the 15th century by the Knights of the Order of St John, but has been completely abandoned since 1960, its inhabitants having moved to the harbour in the 1930s. A number of other settlements such as Lethrá, Gherá & Panó Méri have similarly been abandoned. Mt. Áyios Nikoláos (367 m) stands to the south of the bay.

Kástros (A number of castles have protected the island's inhabitants from pirate raids since the dark ages)..

• Megálo Chorió
• Mesariá
• Mikró Chorió
• Agrosikiá
• Stavroú Lámbrou

History

Neolithic

Ceramics and stone tools discovered in Kharkhadió indicate human activity on Tilos in the early neolithic period 8000 BC – 7000 BC. Along with the large assembly of dwarf (1.20-1.60 m tall) elephant bones, carbon dated at 4000 – 7000 before present, Masseti (2001) suggests possible evidence for their coexistance with humans, possibly into the historic period.

Bronze Age

Excavation has identified Pelasgian masonry, as well as suggesting Tilos was successively dominated by Minoans, Mycenaeans and Dorians.

Classical

• The island flourished during the classical era, minting its own coinage and being famous for clothing and perfumes.
• Telos claims the poetess Irinna (said to be Sappho's equal) was born on the island around 350 BC. Charles Anthon (1853) describes her thus: "Erinna (Ήριννα) friend & contemporary of Sappho died at 19, left behind her poems which were thought worthy to rank with those of Homer. Her poems were of the epic class; the chief of them was entitled Ήλακάτη, " The Distaff" it consisted of three hundred lines, of which only four are extant. It was written in a dialect which was a mixture of the Doric and Æolic, and which was spoken at Rhodes, where, or in the adjacent island of Telos, Erinna was born. She is also called a Lesbian and a Mytilenean, on ac­count of her residence in Lesbos with Sappho. There are several epi­grams upon Erinna, in which her praise is celebrated, and her untimely death is lamented. Three epigrams in the Greek Anthology are ascribed to her, of which the first has the genuine air of antiquity, but the other two, addressed to Baucis, seem to be a later fabrication."
• In the 7th century BC, colonists from Tilos and Lindos settled in Sicily and built the well known city of Gelas.
• Herodotus (484 BC – c. 425 BC) describes the centuries preceding him as the golden age of Tilos.
• In the 5th century BC, Tilos was a member of the First Delian League and kept its independance until the end of the Peloponnesian War.
• From the turn of the 4th Century BC, for the next 200 years, Tilos was subject to the Seleucid Empire, Caria and then Egypt under the influence of Rhodes, until, in 200 BC the island was incorporated in to it.
• The island was conquered by the Romans in 42 BC and followed Rhodes into the Byzantine Empire following the death of Theodosius I. Archaeological finds dated from the Roman and early-Christian times demonstrate the prosperity of the island until the great earthquake of 550 AD.

Byzantine

During the Byzantine Era, it was a member of the Scheme of Samos, but there is no information on Tilos from the 8th to the 14th centuries, until the Knights of St John invade, althought there is some architectural evidence of Byzantine fortifications.

Crusaders

The Knights of St John took control of Tilos from 1309, restoring the castles, building new ones in order to defend against pirate raids, until 1522 when Rhodes fell to Suleiman I.

Ottoman

In 1523, Tilos was occupied by the Ottoman Empire and the island was put under the privileged administrative and tax system known as "maktou". Christian pirates, under the pretext of revenge the against the Turks, pillaged the island constantly.

20th Century

The Turkish rule lasted until 1912, when the island was ceded to the Italians. In 1943 it was invaded by German troops and in 1948, Tilos united with Greece, as did all the Dodecanese islands. Since 1948, the population of the island has declined rapidly, as many Tilians migrated to America or Australia.

References

• "Tilos Island". Travel Guide of Greece - Accommodation, Tours, Sightseeing, Historical Information, Political Situation, Geography. Retrieved March 28, 2005.
• "Book IV, CHAP. 23.--THE SPORADES". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History (eds. John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S., H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A.). Retrieved March 27, 2005.
• M. Masseti (2001). "Did endemic dwarf elephants survive on Mediterranean islands up to protohistorical times?". Atti Congresso Internazionale “La Terra degli elefanti”, CNR Roma 46-52. pp. 402–406. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help) [2]
• "The Aegean Islands". Regnal Chronologies. Retrieved March 28, 2005.
• Anthon, Charles (1853). A Manual of Greek Literature from the Earliest Authentic Periods to the Close of Byzantine Era. Harper & brothers. [3]