Foreign relations of Bangladesh

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The foreign relations of Bangladesh are Bangladesh's relationships with foreign countries. The Government of Bangladesh's policies pursue a moderate foreign policy that heavily relies on multilateral diplomacy, especially at the United Nations (UN) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Since its independence in 1971, Bangladesh has stressed its principle of "Friendship towards all, malice towards none" in dictating its diplomacy. As a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, Bangladesh has tended to not take sides with major powers. Since the end of the Cold War, Bangladesh has pursued better relations with its neighbours and other nearby states.

The Bangladeshi government has begun to implement a foreign policy that pursues regional economic integration in South Asia and aims to establish Bangladesh as a regional hub of transit trade in Asia.

Policy[edit]

The foreign policy of Bangladesh consists of various strategies chosen by the Constitution and government of the country to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals from its place on the world stage. The Bangladeshi Ministry of Foreign Affairs formulates and executes the policies according to the guidance from the relevant section of the Constitution of Bangladesh.[1]

The fundamental foreign policies of Bangladesh originate from Article 25 of the Constitution of Bangladesh:[2]

"The State shall base its international relations on the principles of respect for national sovereignty and equality, non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries, peaceful settlements of international disputes, and respect for international law and the principles enunciated in the United Nations Charter, and on the basis of those principles shall-

  • Strive for the renunciation of the use of force in international relations and for general and complete disarmament;
  • Uphold the right of every people freely to determine and build up its own social, economic and political system by ways and means of its own free choice; and
  • Support oppressed peoples throughout the world waging a just struggle against imperialism, colonialism or racialism."

Participation in multilateral organisations[edit]

Commonwealth of Nations[edit]

Bangladesh, which was part of the British Raj until 1947, joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1972 after its establishment as an independent nation in 1971.[3] It has actively participated in the Heads of Government conferences that take place bi-annually.

United Nations[edit]

Bangladesh was admitted to the United Nations in 1974[4] and was elected to a Security Council term in 1978–1980[5] and again for a 2000–2002 term. Foreign Minister Mr. Humayun Rasheed Choudhury served as president of the 41st UN General Assembly in 1986.

In recent years, Bangladesh has played a significant role in international peacekeeping operations. In 2021, nearly 10,000 Bangladeshi military personnel were deployed overseas on peacekeeping operations, making it the single largest contributor to the UN peacekeeping forces. Under UN auspices, Bangladeshi troops have historically served inSomalia, Rwanda, Mozambique, Kuwait, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Haiti, and units are currently serving in Kuwait and East Timor. For example, Bangladesh responded quickly to US President Bill Clinton's 1994 request for troops and police as part of the multinational intervention to restore democracy in Haiti and provided the largest non-US contingent. As of December 2021, Bangladesh is the largest provider of UN peacekeeping troops with 6,608 personnel, followed by Rwanda with 6,335 personnel.[6]

Non-Aligned Movement[edit]

Bangladesh was selected to provide the next chair of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) at the organization's 2001 summit, scheduled to take place in Dhaka. However, it was later decided to host the summit at an alternative venue. As a member of the Non-aligned Movement, Bangladesh has adopted a principle of staying neutral in the affairs of the great powers. However, it parted from this principle by voting against North Korea at the United Nations in December 2008, under pressure from Japan.

Organisation of Islamic Cooperation[edit]

See also OIC role in Pakistan-Bangladesh relationship

In 1974, then Prime Minister Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, led a Bangladeshi delegation team consisting Kamal Hossain, Enayet Karim, Ataur Rahman Khan, Taheruddin Thakur, Tofail Ahmed, and Shah Azizur Rahman[7] to the international meeting of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC, now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) held in Lahore. Following this, Bangladesh was admitted as a member of OIC. In 1977, President Ziaur Rahman amended the Constitution of Bangladesh, including a clause stating that "the state shall endeavour to consolidate, preserve and strengthen fraternal relations among Muslim countries based on Islamic solidarity".[8] Since then, an explicit goal of Bangladeshi foreign policy has been to seek close relations with other Islamic states. In 1980, President Ziaur Rahman was included in a 3-member "Al-Quds" summit committee to attend the summit at Morocco.[9] In 1983, Bangladesh hosted the assembled foreign ministers of the OIC in Dhaka. At the OIC headquarters at Jeddah, Bangladesh is represented in the capacity of one of the Director Generals.

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation[edit]

The government also pursued the expansion of co-operation among the nations of South Asia, bringing the process, an initiative of former President Ziaur Rahman, through its earliest, most tentative stages to the formal inauguration of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) at a summit of South Asian leaders in Dhaka in December 1985. Bangladesh has served as the chair of SAARC and has participated in a wide range of ongoing SAARC regional activities

Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation[edit]

The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organisation which includes South Asian and Southeast Asian nations. The member nations of this group are Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bhutan, and Nepal. The organisation focuses on regional cooperation in the sectors of economics, trade, and investment.

Developing-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation[edit]

Bangladesh is among the 8 member countries of the Developing-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation (D-8). The Developing-8 is an economic alliance consisting of Islamic-majority states which focuses on development in the areas of science and technology, banking, finance, agriculture and rural development, humanitarian development, energy, the environment, health, and finance. On 14 May 2006 in Bali, Indonesia, Bangladesh was the only nation not to sign a preferential trade agreement with the other D-8 states. Bangladesh has been the incumbent chair of the Developing-8 Countries since the organization's tenth summit in Dhaka in April 2021.

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement[edit]

The Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (APTA), formerly known as the Bangkok Agreement, was signed in 1975 under one of the major initiatives taken by United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP). Seven participating states, Bangladesh, the People's Republic of China, India, Laos, Mongolia, the Republic of Korea (South Korea), and Sri Lanka are party to the APTA. In 2005, Bangladesh signed the APTA agreement in order to enable it to reduce trade deficits between itself and other nations such as China, South Korea, and its neighbour India. The total APTA market includes around 2.9 billion people and, as the of the fiscal year (FY) 2015–2016, a gross domestic product (GDP) of around $14.6 trillion USD.[10] APTA's primary objective is to hasten economic development among the seven participating states by encouraging trade and investment liberalisation measures that will contribute to intra-regional trade. In turn, the APTA intends for this to lead to the strengthening of regional economies via through the flow of goods and services, synchronised investment regimes, and free flows of technology, with the end goal of converting all parties into modernized, high-income economies. Another aspect of the agreement is for each member state to be given duty-free access to the products of other member states.[11]

World Trade Organization[edit]

Bangladesh is an active member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Bangladesh has had a permanent mission in Geneva to look after matters relating to multilateral trading system under the WTO regime since the mid-1990s.

World Customs Organization[edit]

Bangladesh is an active member of the World Customs Organization (WCO). Bangladesh has a permanent representative to the WCO, which has its headquarters in Brussels.

Like Minded Group[edit]

Bangladesh has formed an alliance with nineteen other developing countries to vote as a bloc in organisations such as the WTO and the United Nations.

Other[edit]

The government has participated in numerous international conferences, especially those dealing with population, food, development, and women's issues. In 1982–83, Bangladesh played a constructive role as chairman of the "Group of 77", an informal association encompassing most of the world's developing nations. It has taken a leading role in the "Group of 48", another association of developing countries. Aside from the groups detailed previously, Bangladesh also participates in the following international organisations: ARF, AsDB, CP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, SACEP, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, and OPCW.

Diplomatic relations[edit]

List of countries which Bangladesh maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  India 6 December 1971[12][13]
 State of Palestine 1971[14]
2  Poland 12 January 1972[15]
3  Serbia 22 January 1972[16]
4  Russia 25 January 1972[17]
5  Czech Republic 28 January 1972[18]
6  Hungary 29 January 1972[19]
7  Bulgaria 31 January 1972[20]
8  Australia 31 January 1972[21]
9  Austria 4 February 1972[22]
10  Denmark 4 February 1972[23]
11  Germany 4 February 1972[24]
12  United Kingdom 4 February 1972[25][26]
13  Japan 10 February 1972[27]
14  Netherlands 11 February 1972[28]
15  Philippines 24 February 1972[29]
16  Sri Lanka 4 March 1972[30]
17  Greece 11 March 1972[31]
18  France 17 March 1972[32]
19  Canada 20 March 1972[33]
20  Myanmar 21 March 1972[34]
21  Guyana 24 March 1972[35]
22    Nepal 8 April 1972[36]
23  Sweden 12 April 1972[37]
24  Norway 14 April 1972[38]
25  Indonesia 1 May 1972[39]
26  Finland 5 May 1972[40]
27  Spain 12 May 1972[41]
28  Brazil 15 May 1972[42]
29  United States 18 May 1972[43]
30  Argentina 25 May 1972[44]
31   Switzerland 14 June 1972[45]
32  Mongolia 28 June 1972[46]
33  Romania 29 June 1972[47]
34  New Zealand 4 July 1972[48]
35  Iraq 8 July 1972[49]
36  Singapore 10 September 1972[50]
37  Malaysia 11 September 1972[51]
 Holy See 25 September 1972[52]
38  Thailand 5 October 1972[53]
39  Mauritius 1972[54]
40  Italy 18 January 1973[55]
41  Cuba 25 January 1973[56]
42  Vietnam 11 February 1973[57]
43  Afghanistan 18 February 1973[58][59]
44  Lebanon 28 March 1973[60]
45  Bhutan 12 April 1973[61]
46  Belgium 15 May 1973[62]
47  Morocco 13 July 1973[63]
48  Senegal 13 July 1973[64]
49  Tunisia 17 July 1973[65]
50  Algeria 30 July 1973[66]
51  Syria 14 September 1973[67]
52  Egypt 15 September 1973[68]
53  Sudan 24 September 1973[69]
54  Jordan 15 October 1973[70]
55  Jamaica 5 November 1973[71]
56  Luxembourg 20 November 1973[72]
57  North Korea 9 December 1973[73]
58  South Korea 18 December 1973[74]
59  Fiji 1973[75]
60  Barbados 20 February 1974[76]
61  Turkey 22 February 1974[77]
62  Qatar 4 March 1974[78]
63  Kuwait 9 March 1974[79]
64  United Arab Emirates 9 March 1974[80]
65  Bahrain 6 June 1974[81]
66  Iran 21 June 1974[82]
67  Burkina Faso 10 July 1974[83]
68  Ghana 19 July 1974[84]
69  Libya 14 December 1974[85]
70  Oman 18 December 1974[86]
71  Portugal 23 December 1974[87]
72  Somalia 24 December 1974[88]
73  Ivory Coast 10 February 1975[89]
74  Venezuela 9 June 1975[90][91]
75  Mexico 8 July 1975[92]
76  Pakistan 3 October 1975[93]
77  China 4 October 1975[94]
78  Saudi Arabia 17 November 1975[95][96]
79  Gambia 1975[97]
80  Nigeria 3 January 1976[98]
81  Sierra Leone 22 January 1976[99]
82  Ethiopia 19 September 1976[100]
83  Mauritania 4 October 1976[101]
84  Kenya 23 November 1976[101]
85  Gabon 1976[102]
86  Albania 10 August 1977[103]
87  Angola August 1977[104]
88  Uganda 25 November 1977[105]
89  Maldives 22 September 1978[106]
90  Iceland 1978[107]
91  Zambia 26 July 1979[108]
92  Malta 20 December 1979[109]
93  Zimbabwe 28 August 1981[110]
94  Mali 30 September 1981[111]
95  Cyprus 11 January 1983[112]
96  Nicaragua 15 February 1983[113]
97  Niger 18 February 1983[114]
98  Peru 28 February 1983[115]
99  Seychelles 28 February 1983[116][117]
100  Lesotho 4 March 1983[118]
101  Guinea-Bissau 15 March 1983[119]
102  Yemen 21 March 1983[120]
103  Chile 22 March 1983[121]
104  Mozambique 24 March 1983[122]
105  Vanuatu 10 May 1983[123]
106  Saint Lucia 12 May 1983[124]
107  Burundi 23 May 1983[125]
108  Papua New Guinea 20 June 1983[126]
109  Botswana 21 June 1983[127]
110  Belize 29 August 1983[128]
111  Tuvalu 29 August 1983[129]
112  Trinidad and Tobago 22 September 1983[130]
113  Djibouti 25 September 1983[131]
114  Guatemala 7 October 1983[132][133]
115  Suriname 8 November 1983[134]
116  Tanzania 10 November 1983[135]
117  Samoa 21 December 1983[136]
118  Rwanda 12 January 1984[137]
119  Colombia 14 February 1984[138]
120  Brunei 5 May 1984[139]
121  Panama 5 June 1984[140]
122  Bahamas 8 February 1985[141]
123  Guinea 27 February 1985[142]
124  Uruguay 21 July 1987[143]
125  Laos 1988[144]
126  Bolivia 9 June 1989[145]
127  Namibia 1990[146]
128  Belarus 21 February 1992[147]
129  Ukraine 24 February 1992[148]
130  Azerbaijan 26 February 1992[149]
131  Turkmenistan 28 February 1992[150]
132  Kazakhstan 1 March 1992[151]
133  Tajikistan 1 March 1992[152]
134  Kyrgyzstan 3 March 1992[153]
135  Georgia 27 August 1992[154]
136  Uzbekistan 15 October 1992[155]
137  Lithuania 2 November 1992[156]
138  Estonia 5 November 1992[157]
139  Armenia 11 November 1992[158]
140  Latvia 21 January 1993[159]
141  Cambodia 17 February 1993[160]
142  Slovakia 3 March 1993[161]
143  Moldova 14 September 1993[162]
144  South Africa 10 September 1994[163]
145  Kiribati Before 1995[164]
146  Bosnia and Herzegovina 26 August 1995[165]
147  North Macedonia 14 February 1996[166]
148  Slovenia 20 March 1996[167]
149  Croatia 18 December 1997[168]
150  Ireland 12 July 2000[169]
151  Montenegro 2 March 2007[170]
152  Andorra 9 May 2007[171]
153  Benin 14 July 2008[172]
154  East Timor 11 January 2012[173]
155  South Sudan 16 February 2012[174]
156  Dominican Republic 13 March 2012[175]
157  Malawi 15 March 2012[176]
158  Comoros 14 October 2014[177]
159  Costa Rica 17 March 2016[178]
160  Ecuador 13 April 2016[179]
161  El Salvador 7 November 2016[180]
162  San Marino 31 May 2017[181]
163  Honduras 6 September 2017[182]
 Kosovo 16 February 2018[183][184]
166  Cape Verde 6 June 2018[185]
165  Republic of the Congo 12 March 2019[186]
166  Palau 16 July 2019[187]
167  Madagascar 4 March 2020[188]
168  Saint Kitts and Nevis 31 August 2020[189]
169  Dominica 24 November 2020[190]
170  Equatorial Guinea 7 April 2022[191]
171  Paraguay 25 October 2022[192]
172  Monaco 13 June 2023[193]
173  Democratic Republic of the Congo Unknown
174  Eswatini Unknown
175  Haiti Unknown

Bangladesh has established official diplomatic relations with most of the members of United Nations as well as some non-UN members like Palestine. Relations with these nations are largely cordial except for some bilateral disputes with Myanmar and Pakistan. Issues with India stem from Teesta and other river water sharing and border killings.[194] Bangladesh puts deep emphasis on relations with China and the United States as China is the largest military supplier to Bangladesh while the US is one of the largest export markets for Bangladeshi products. In recent years, the relations with Russia also became influential because of the Russian loan and technical assistance on military modernisation and the first ever nuclear power plant project of Bangladesh. The bilateral relations of Bangladesh are mainly based on trade activities. However, with certain countries, the relations expand to other areas such as military co-operation, cultural exchange, etc.

Asia[edit]

South Asia[edit]

Bangladesh maintains friendly relations with Bhutan, the Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka,Pakistan, and India. It strongly opposed the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Bangladesh and Nepal have agreed to facilitate land transit between the two countries.

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Afghanistan 18 February 1973 See Afghanistan–Bangladesh relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 February 1973[58][59]

Ties between Afghanistan and Bangladesh go back before the emergence of their modern political borders, sharing historical, cultural and trade relations. In 1971, the Kingdom of Afghanistan was one of the first Muslim countries to recognise the independence of Bangladesh, along with Turkey, Malaysia, and Indonesia. They share similar views on international issues such as combating terrorism and increased regional co-operation. A Bangladeshi NGO, BRAC, is a part of the reconstruction effort in Afghanistan, particularly in microfinance. In 2007, the Afghan ambassador to Bangladesh, Ahmed Karim Nawabi had stated that Afghanistan is interested in recruiting workers from Bangladesh.[195]

 Bhutan 12 April 1973 See Bangladesh–Bhutan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 April 1973.[61]

Along with India, Bangladesh is one of the only two nations to have a residential embassy in Bhutan. The relationship between Bhutan and Bangladesh have always been positive since 1971, when Bhutan became the first country to recognise the independence of Bangladesh.[196][197][198][199]

The business community in Bhutan are asking for more investment from Bangladesh after a meeting in the Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FBCCI) in Dhaka. During the 2007–2008 fiscal year, Bhutan's imports were worth $10.8 million USD, whereas Bangladesh's exports to Bhutan was only worth $0.78 million.[200]

 India 6 December 1971 See Bangladesh–India relations, Bangladeshis in India and Indians in Bangladesh

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 1971.[12][13]

Generally relations are usually friendly; however government to government contacts are sometimes poor because of border disputes and river disputes.[201] In 2015, they exchanged enclaves to help demarcate the border, and have agreed to work together and end any irritants to ties, like smuggling of cows, border killings, and also river disputes.[202][203][204][205] India was the second country to recognise Bangladesh as a separate and independent state, doing so on 6 December 1971.[206] India helped Bangladeshis during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. Bangladesh's relationship with India has been difficult due to irrigation and land border disputes post-1976. However, Bangladesh has enjoyed a favourable relationship with India during governments formed by the Awami League in 1972 and 1996.

At the outset India's relations with Bangladesh were strong because of India's support for independence in 1971. During the independence war, many refugees fled to India. India also intervened militarily and helped bring international attention to the issue through Indira Gandhi's visit to Washington, D.C. Afterwards India furnished relief and reconstruction aid. India extended recognition to Bangladesh prior to the end of the war in 1971 (the second country to do so after Bhutan) and subsequently lobbied others to follow suit. India also withdrew its military from the land of Bangladesh when Sheikh Mujibur Rahman requested Indira Gandhi to do so during latter's visit to Dhaka in 1972.[207][208]

Indo-Bangladesh relations have been difficult since the fall of Mujib government in August 1975[209] over issues such as the Tin Bigha corridor and access to Nepal, the Farakka Barrage and water sharing, border conflicts near Tripura and the construction of a fence along most of the border which India explains as security provision against migrants, insurgents and terrorists. Bilateral relations warmed in 1996, due to a softer Indian foreign policy and the new Awami League government. A 30-year water-sharing agreement for the Ganges River was signed in December 1996, after an earlier bilateral water-sharing agreement for the Ganges River had lapsed in 1988. Both nations also have cooperated on the issue of flood warning and preparedness. The Bangladesh Government and tribal insurgents signed a peace accord in December 1997, which allowed for the return of tribal refugees who had fled into India, beginning in 1986, to escape violence caused by an insurgency in their homeland in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.

There are also small pieces of land along the border region that Bangladesh is diplomatically trying to reclaim. Padua, part of Sylhet Division before 1971, has been under Indian control since the Liberation War. This small strip of land was re-occupied by the BDR in 2001, but later given back to India after Bangladesh government decided to solve the problem through diplomatic negotiations.[210][211]

In recent years, India has complained that Bangladesh does not secure its border properly. It fears an increasing flow of illegal Bangladeshi migrants and accuses Bangladesh of harbouring Indian separatist groups like ULFA and alleged terrorist groups. The Bangladesh government has consistently denied these accusations.[212][213] India estimates that over 20 million Bangladeshis are living illegally in India.[214] One Bangladeshi official responded that "there is not a single Bangladeshi migrant in India".[215] Since 2002, India has been constructing an India – Bangladesh Fence along much of the 4,000-kilometre (2,500 mi) border.[216] The failure to resolve migration disputes bears a human cost for illegal migrants, such as imprisonment and health risks (namely HIV/AIDS).[217]

In May 2007, they announced that for the first time since the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War, rail service between Kolkata and Dhaka will be restored after a 42-year suspension.[218] Moreover, in October 2007 some co-operation was announced on the border issues mentioned above.[219] After national election 2008, the Awami League formed government in January 2009, relationship with India improved. In 2014, a binding ruling by a tribunal of the Permanent Court of Arbitration awarded disputed New Moore island (called South Talpatti by Bangladesh) to India, and demarcated the sea boundary.[220]

 Maldives 22 September 1978 See Bangladesh–Maldives relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 1978.[106]

The Maldives as a nation is dependent on its tourism sector. It asked Bangladesh to export manpower to the island state. At the 15th SAARC Summit, the Maldives and Bangladesh met at the sidelines to discuss the possibility of sending more semi-skilled and skilled workers. There are already 40,000 workers in the Maldives mostly in unskilled and semi-skilled jobs.[221]

   Nepal 8 April 1972 See Bangladesh–Nepal relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 April 1972.[36]

Nepal has strong bilateral relations with Bangladesh, as its views the latter nation as a critical access point to the sea, giving it the opportunity to develop potential transit and trade facilities and be less dependent on India and China. Nepal recognised Bangladesh on 16 January 1972[222] and relations further improved after the military coup in August 1975. The turning point for the two nations occurred in April 1976, when they signed a four-point agreement on technical co-operation, trade, transit, and civil aviation. They both seek co-operation in the fields of power generation and development of water resources. In 1986, relations further improved when Bangladesh insisted Nepal should be included on a deal regarding the distribution of water from the Ganges River.[223]

 Pakistan 3 October 1975 See Bangladesh–Pakistan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 October 1975.[93]

Landmarks in their reconciliation after the two nation's 1971 war:

  • An August 1973 agreement between Bangladesh and Pakistan on the repatriation of numerous individuals, including 90,000 Pakistani prisoners of war stranded in Bangladesh as a result of the Liberation War;
  • A February 1974 accord by Bangladesh and Pakistan on mutual diplomatic recognition, followed more than 2 years later by establishment of formal diplomatic relations on 18 January 1976
  • The organisation by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) of an airlift that moved almost 250,000 Bengalis from Pakistan to Bangladesh, and non-Bengalis from Bangladesh to Pakistan; and
  • Exchanges of high-level visits, including a visit by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto to Bangladesh in 1989 and visits by Prime Minister Khaleda Zia to Pakistan in 1992 and in 1995.

Issues need resolving:

  • Possibly the most important and most sensitive issue is Pakistan's refusal to apologise for the genocide of 1971 which has led to the continuance of strained relations between the two countries.
  • Repatriation of 250,000 ethnic Biharis known as "Stranded Pakistanis"
 Sri Lanka 4 March 1972 See Bangladesh–Sri Lanka relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 March 1972 when Sri Lanka recognized Bangladesh. The Bangladeshi High Commission in Sri Lanka was established on 21 April 1976.[224]

Relations are historically tied together even beyond the sub-continent's colonisation by the British. Sri Lanka's first King (to be mentioned in the ancient Pali chronicles) was alleged to have ancestors from the Vanga Kingdom which occupied an area now known as Bangladesh. Bangladesh's Buddhist minority gifted Sri Lanka with a few strands of hair said to have belonged to Buddha as a sign of goodwill. It is a worshiped object on Poya Day, a Buddhist public holiday in Sri Lanka.[225]

In August 2008, both heads of states discussed the implementation of new air links in hope of increasing trade, investment and stronger cultural links. Sri Lanka's current investments have been in Bangladesh's garment and banking sector and expect to diversify into different areas. Bangladesh also hosts a number of Sri Lankan medical students and cricket as a form of friendly communications between their people.[226]

Some Sri Lankan Navy officers have studied at the Bangladesh Naval Academy.[227]

Southeast Asia[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Brunei 5 May 1984 See Bangladesh–Brunei relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 May 1984.[139]

They are both members of OIC, the Commonwealth of Nations and NAM and share common views on regional and international issues. Brunei recognised Bangladesh quickly with other Southeast Asian countries (Muslim majority nations like Indonesia and Malaysia in particular) and Bangladesh established residential Diplomatic mission in 1985, although they closed it down in 1988 due to financial constraints. In 1997, Bangladesh reopened its embassy, Brunei has a residential embassy located in Dhaka. Brunei actively supports Bangladesh's candidacy for different regional and international organisations. They supported Bangladesh's United Nation Economic and Social Council 2004–2006 tenure, UNESCO Executive Board 2003–2007 tenure, membership on the Governing Board of the ASEAN Organization of the Supreme Audit Institution (ASOSAI) for the 2004–2006 term, and membership into the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF).

Both countries are looking to increase trade and investment, especially Bangladeshi pharmaceuticals and Bruneian oil. Brunei also imports workers from Bangladesh although recently Bangladesh have been asking to take in more manpower especially professionals and to reduce the price of applying to work in Brunei by half (currently it is $1,800 USD per worker from South Asian countries).

Education is another part of their relations such as the Brunei Darussalam Government Scholarship for Commonwealth Countries. One Bangladeshi student who wins this scholarship has the opportunity to study at University of Brunei Darussalam (UBD) and Institute Technology Brunei (ITB) to study science-based subjects. Students in Brunei have also been able to go to Bangladesh to study at their Medical Colleges and other higher education institutions offering quality education in Asia at a lower cost compared to western nations.

Defence relations is improving although Bangladesh are expecting more trainee officers in the future. Every year Brunei sends its personal for training in Defence Services Command and Staff College and other military institutions. Defence officers from Bangladesh can also visit Military institutions in Brunei although it is only optional.

Both countries have agreed to increase air links between the two countries which have already signed two agreements in 2004 and 2006 resulting in Bangladesh granting 5th freedom traffic rights with "intermediate" and "beyond" like Singapore and Dubai.[citation needed] Direct air links could cut travel time between the two countries by more than half, benefiting the 10,000 Bangladeshis working in Brunei.[228]

Both countries have set up a joint committee primarily to discuss the current bilateral relations and how it can improve although they can discuss international issues with mostly similar views on.

 Cambodia 17 February 1993 See Bangladesh–Cambodia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 February 1993.[160]

Bangladesh signed trade agreement on 4 August 2006 with Cambodia in Phnom Penh. The trade agreement will help in further expanding and strengthening trade relations between the two countries.

Bangladesh's major export items to Cambodia are ready-made garments, footwear and leather goods, knitwear, pharmaceuticals, table wear, home linen, textile, seafood and marine products, tea, potato, jute and jute goods, light engineering products, spices, cosmetics, ceramic, melamine products and toiletries.

Major import items from Cambodia are—cotton, edible oil, fertiliser, clinker, staple fibre, yarn and capital machinery.

 East Timor December 2003
 Indonesia 1 May 1972 See Bangladesh–Indonesia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 May 1972.[39]

Indonesia along with other non-Arab Muslim countries such as Malaysia, Turkey and Afghanistan immediately recognised Bangladesh. Relations have gone into different areas such as trade & investment, cultural exchange and peacekeeping.

Indonesia is the world largest Muslim country in terms of its population, whereas Bangladesh is the fourth largest Muslim country. Indonesia and Bangladesh are partners in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and the Developing-8. Bangladesh has an embassy in Jakarta, whereas Indonesia has an embassy in Dhaka. Since the official bilateral relations were established in 1972, both countries enjoy cordial and friendly relations.

Indonesia have recently signed a deal with a pharmaceutical company called Eskayef Bangladesh Ltd. to export its goods to their country where Bangladesh sees another potential market for its pharmaceutical products.[229]

 Laos 1988 See Bangladesh–Laos relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1988.[144]

The relationship between Laos and Bangladesh is cordial.

 Malaysia 11 September 1972 See Bangladesh–Malaysia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 September 1972.[51]

Malaysia was one of the first Muslim states along with Indonesia to recognise Bangladesh and since then the two have seen a rapid growth of co-operation between them. Malaysia offers economic and technical assistance, trade and investment while Bangladesh offers a cheap labour workforce for areas such as construction.

Malaysia is the largest ASEAN investor in Bangladesh and Malaysian companies have invested $1.3 billion USD in 59 projects in 2007 in areas such as telecommunications, textiles and financial sector. However, their trade balance is overwhelmingly in Malaysia's favour. During the 2006–2007 fiscal year, exports were a mere $16.9 million compared to $384.16 million in imports. Trading between the two nations are increasing especially in pharmaceutical exports with a number businesses are calling for a free trade agreement to balance out the trade deficit.

Many Malaysian companies have shown a keen interest in participation in Bangladeshi infrastructure projects such as power generation, seaport development, waste disposal systems, construction of roads and highways, as well as in the service sector such as education and healthcare. Malaysia has stated their intentions to continue to contribute to positive efforts in order to promote and expand bilateral relations with Bangladesh, particularly in the trade and investment sectors. Pending projects like the Dhaka-Chittagong highway, worth $1.2 billion, power generation, port development, et cetera, will be completing using these investments.

In 2008, Malaysia and Bangladesh signed a memorandum of understanding regarding exchange of information to combat money laundering. The signatories are the financial intelligence units of the central banks of both nations.[230]

Bangladesh and Malaysia are also both members of the Developing-8, OIC, Commonwealth of Nations, Like Minded Group, and Non-Aligned Movement showing that the two have similar views on regional and international issues.

Issues of labour force administration in Malaysia have somewhat strained the bilateral ties temporarily. In 2007, Malaysia banned imports of Bangladeshi workers into the country after hundreds of them were stranded at an airport because their employers failed to collect them. There were demonstrations in Kuala Lumpur by Bangladeshi workers demanding payments and better conditions. This created a crisis in bilateral ties but the issue has been resolved thanks to the interference of the governments. The Malaysian government had placed a similar restriction in 1999, but lifted the ban in 2011 by approving an initial intake of 300,000 workers.[231]

 Myanmar 21 March 1972 See Bangladesh–Myanmar relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 March 1972.[34]

Bilateral ties with Myanmar are medium, despite occasional border strains and an influx of approximately 965,467 Muslim refugees (known as "Rohingya") from predominantly Buddhist Myanmar. As a result of bilateral discussions, and with the co-operation and assistance of the UNHCR, most of the Rohingya refugees have now returned to Myanmar[citation needed]. As of 2000, about 22,000 refugees remain in camps in southern Bangladesh.

At the 2008 ASEAN Regional Forum summit in Singapore, Bangladesh and Myanmar have pledged to solve their maritime boundary disputes as quickly as possible especially that a UN deadline in claiming maritime territories will expire in three years time.[232]

 Philippines 24 February 1972 See Bangladesh–Philippines relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 1972[29]

Bangladesh and the Philippines have had a very close and friendly relations since the birth of Bangladesh. The Philippines supported the liberation of Bangladesh and recognised it on 24 February 1972. The Philippine Ambassador to the United Nations spoke in favour of the nation during its liberation struggle and also during Bangladesh's admission to the United Nations in 1974.

 Singapore 10 September 1972 See Bangladesh–Singapore relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September 1972.[50]

The two nations are founders of the Asian Union. A sizeable number of Bangladeshi migrant workers are currently working in labour-intensive jobs in Singapore.

On the sideline of the 78th UN General Assembly in New York, Singapore's Foreign Minister Dr Vivian Balakrishnan told his Bangladeshi counterpart Dr AK Abdul Momen that starting October 1, its current consulate in Dhaka will be upgraded into High Commission.[233][234][235][236][237][238]

 Thailand 5 October 1972 See Bangladesh–Thailand relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 October 1972.[53]

Relations are considered close and cordial and have made strides to improve trade and investment between the two countries. Thailand opened its embassy in 1974 followed by Bangladesh setting up their own in Bangkok in the following year. The first visit between the two countries was President Ziaur Rahman's visit to Thailand in 1979 followed by Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanond in 1983. Other heads of state like Ershad visited in 1985, 1988 and 1990 and Thaksin Shinawatra in July and December 2002 and January 2004. Thailand is a key country in Bangladesh's "Look East" policy and relations have begun to increase and diversify into different areas.

They seek not to intervene in each other's internal matters as shown by their response to the events occurring in their own respective countries in 2006 such as the 2006 Thai coup d'état and 2006–2008 Bangladeshi political crisis. Both have considerable co-operation in summits organised by BIMSTEC and the ASEAN regional forum. Upper class and upper middle class Bangladeshis often go to Thailand for medical treatment and operations that the country's medical infrastructure cannot provide.

 Vietnam 11 February 1973 See Bangladesh–Vietnam relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1973[57]

After Bangladesh gained independence in 1971, it had strongly supported North Vietnam's struggle with the US and strongly opposed the bombing of North Vietnam which was demonstrated by nationwide movements. Bangladesh was the first South Asian and second Asian nation to establish relations with South Vietnam at an ambassadorial level. On 11 February 1973, both nations officially established diplomatic relations. In 1982, Vietnam closed its embassy in Dhaka for financial reasons and reopened it in January 2003. Bangladesh opened its embassy in Hanoi in November 1993.

Relations between the two countries are good and had been marked with several high level visits such as Khaleda Zia's visit in 2005 and President Tran Duc Luong in 2004. They maintain good co-operation on an international level in organisations such as the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement and ASEAN regional forum. Bangladesh has supported Vietnam as a candidate for a non-permanent seat in the UN Security Council and requested Vietnam to support its participation into ARF, ASEM, EWEC, and MGC.

East Asia[edit]

Country Formal relations began Notes
 China 4 October 1975 See Bangladesh–China relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 October 1975.[94]

Early relations with the People's Republic of China were cold due to the rare use of China's veto at the United Nations Security Council to block Bangladesh's accession to the United Nations. Lately however China has made efforts to improve relations with many of its neighbours. Trade with China reached a record level in 2006 of $3.2 billion under the auspices of the Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement (AFTA). The trade balance between the two countries are in China's favour. China has officially agreed to help Bangladesh on developing their nuclear power plant. Bangladesh has also signed the APSCO convention with six other nations to form a pact with China on space exploration.[239]

 Republic of China See Bangladesh-Taiwan relations
 Japan 10 February 1972 See Bangladesh–Japan relations and Bangladeshis in Japan

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 February 1972.[27]

Japan is Bangladesh's 11th-largest export market; imports from Bangladesh make up 26% of all Japanese imports from the least developed countries, second only to those from Cambodia. Common imports from Bangladesh to Japan include leather goods, ready-made garments, and seafood.[240] By 2004, Japan had become Bangladesh's fourth-largest source of foreign direct investment, behind the United States, United Kingdom, and Malaysia. Japan's political goals in its relationship with Bangladesh include gaining support for their bid to join the United Nations Security Council, and securing markets for their finished goods. Japan is a significant source of development aid to Bangladesh.[241]

 Mongolia 28 June 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 June 1972.[46]
 North Korea 9 December 1973 See Bangladesh–North Korea relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 December 1973.[73]

Due to their pro-China administration, North Korea did not establish ties until China recognised and established relations with Bangladesh in 1974. There is a North Korean embassy located in Dhaka although Bangladesh maintains a non-residential status. Instead communication between North Korea and Bangladesh is with the Bangladeshi embassy in Beijing. Relations have only gone as far as recognition and neither nation has ever desired to progress this even further, especially due to the increase in military co-operation between Bangladesh and South Korea and North Korea's isolationist policies. In 2006, Bangladesh have used its ties with North Korea, urging them to comply with a UN resolution after North Korea's missile launch during a meeting with then Japanese Foreign Minister, Taro Aso.[242]

 South Korea 18 December 1973 See Bangladesh–South Korea relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 December 1973[74]

Relations are considered to be productive and progressive. Their relations have gone on to expand in several areas such as defence and trade & investment. Bangladesh also sends a large number of skilled migrant workers to South Korea to work in the following sectors:- construction, manufacture, services, and agriculture, fisheries and livestock.[243][244] South Korea and Bangladesh are also increasing military ties such as joint military exercises training of units such as special forces and building a submarine. Bangladesh has already procured a ULSAN class frigate from South Korea.[citation needed]

Central Asia[edit]

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Kyrgyzstan 3 March 1992 See Bangladesh–Kyrgyzstan relations

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 March 1992.[153]

Bangladesh has encouraged Kyrgyzstan to purchase garments and jute products. Educational exchange has been mentioned as an area of mutual interest.[245]

 Kazakhstan 1 March 1992 See Bangladesh–Kazakhstan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 1992[151]

 Tajikistan 1 March 1992 See Bangladesh–Tajikistan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 1992[152]

 Turkmenistan 28 February 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 February 1992[150]
 Uzbekistan 15 October 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1992[155]

Western Asia (Middle East)[edit]

During the Bangladesh Liberation War, the majority of conservative Arab nations were against Bangladeshi liberation because India, a largely non-Muslim nation, was supporting the break-up of a Pakistan, an Islamic country. However, non-Arab Islamic nations such as Indonesia and Turkiye established relations quickly. At the present, Bangladesh maintains relations with the Middle East through many areas such as commerce, history, military, and most importantly religious ties which enabled the two to co-operate more easily than with Western or Far Eastern partners. Bangladesh supplies over one million guest workers to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and other Gulf states. In turn, most of Bangladesh's oil is imported from this region.[246] Islamic countries and charities provide economic aid usually to advance the Islamic agenda, including funding mosques and madrassas.[citation needed]

During the Yom Kippur War, Bangladesh supported the Arabs and Palestinians and sent a medical team and relief supply, which was appreciated. In return, they enabled Bangladesh to become a member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) at the Algiers Summit in 1973 and pressured Pakistan into recognising Bangladesh to get Mujib to go to the 1974 OIC Summit in Lahore, as he stated that was his only condition.[citation needed]

Bangladesh also took an active part in trying to broker a ceasefire between Iran and Iraq during their eight-year war as a member of the United Nations Security Council and participating in the UNIIMOG mission, of which it became Acting Head in the last few years before withdrawal. It later helped them to be elected into the OIC Peace Committee.[citation needed]

Bangladesh strongly opposed the Israeli bombardment of South Lebanon which killed approximately 1,191 civilians and described it as "State Terrorism" and a double standard conflict, saying that a non-western nation would have been labelled a terrorist and a western nation would have never been deemed a terrorist.[247] It also contributed to the peacekeeping effort after the 2006 Lebanon War by sending in battalions of infantry. [248]

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Armenia 11 November 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 November 1992.[158]
 Azerbaijan 26 February 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 February 1992.[149]
 Bahrain 6 June 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 June 1974.
 Georgia 27 August 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 August 1992.[154]
 Iran 21 June 1974 See Bangladesh–Iran relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 June 1974.[82]

The Bangladeshi embassy in Iran was established on 21 June 1974, and the Iranian embassy in Bangladesh was established on 24 January 1975.[82]

Immediately after the independence of Bangladesh, many non-Arab nations quickly recognised the new country. However, due to the strong pro-US attitude of the Shah and helping to transport weapons to West Pakistan during the Bangladesh Liberation War. Iran, however, established diplomatic relations with independent Bangladesh in early 1972. A turning point in relations was during the Iraq-Iran War when Bangladesh as a UN Security Council member tried to broker a ceasefire between the nations and settle their disputes with dialogue. Eventually, Bangladesh would participate in UNIIMOG mission to observe that agreements such as a ceasefire had been honoured.

In 1995, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani became the first President of Iran to visit Bangladesh. The current president, Hassan Rouhani is looking to strengthen relations with countries in South Asia such as Bangladesh by increasing Iranian investment like building oil refineries. In return, Bangladesh is supporting Iran's rights to its Nuclear Program for Peaceful Purposes. In 2006, both countries signed a preferential trade accord which removes non-tariff barriers, hoping to take it further to a free trade agreement[249] and in 2007, Bangladesh has requested Iranian assistance on building its nuclear power plant.[250]

Both countries are members of Developing-8 Countries, OIC, Like Minded Group. They have generally similar views on world issues especially on the occupation of Palestine.

 Iraq 8 July 1972 See Bangladesh–Iraq relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 July 1972.[49]

Iraq was the first Arab nation to recognise the independence of Bangladesh.[251]Bangladesh and Iraq have embassies located in Baghdad and Dhaka. Iraq temporarily closed down their embassy after the Iraq War began[252] but after a six-year lapse appointed a new ambassador in October 2007.[253]

Bangladesh and Iraq's ties are primarily based on common faith but there has not been much progression into areas such as trade and investment. Between 1980 and 1986, Iraq sent five officers to study in Bangladesh's military academy in Dhaka.[254] The only notable visit between the two nations was Saddam Hussein's visit to Bangladesh in 1988. The height of Bangladesh-Iraq relations was during the 1980s due to Bangladesh's role in trying to call for a ceasefire between Iraq and Iran during their war and was a part of UNIIMOG. Relations quickly deteriorated after Iraq invaded Kuwait sparking the Gulf War and a huge rise in oil prices. Bangladesh responded to the UN resolution demanding Iraq withdraw by the deadline or face military action. Bangladesh's other reasons for participation was because of the Bangladeshi community in Kuwait who some work on oil rigs and Kuwait is Bangladesh's oil supplier. Bangladesh joined the UN coalition to liberate Kuwait.

Relations between Baghdad and Dhaka would later improve after the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 when Bangladesh declined to send troops to Iraq despite America's persistence and stating that the UN should have had a primary role in solving the matter before the war.[255][256] Currently they want a complete withdrawal from Iraq and has expressed support for reconstruction efforts. The public in Bangladesh have repeatedly held large demonstrations against the war.[257]

 Israel See Bangladesh–Israel relations

Bangladesh does not recognise Israel. even though Israel was one of the first nations to recognise Bangladesh. It has called for an end to Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories and for the creation of an independent Palestinian state. Bangladesh has a complete ban on trade (indirect and direct) with Israel even though both are members of the WTO. As Bangladesh does not have any diplomatic relations with Israel, it is not permitted for Bangladeshis to travel to Israel using a Bangladeshi passport, which brought about the arrest of journalist Salah Choudhury.

In the immediate aftermath of the 2006 Lebanon War Bangladesh offered to send battalions of its infantrymen to help with the UN peacekeeping force, however Israel opposed it stating Bangladesh does not recognise Israel.[248] Although Israel rejected the country's participation, Bangladesh and Nepal were the first countries whose troops reached the shores of South Lebanon. As of 3 December 2015 Bangladesh has 285 personnel participating in UNIFIL in Lebanon.[258]

 Jordan 15 October 1973 See Bangladesh–Jordan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1973[70]

 Kuwait 9 March 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 March 1974[79]
 Lebanon 28 March 1973 See Bangladesh–Lebanon relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1973[60]

Ties between the two are based on common background such as religious tolerance, the need to tackle Islamic militancy, similar views on global events and common religion. Bangladesh opposed Israel's bombing of South Lebanon during the 2006 Lebanon War and offered to contribute approximately 2,000 troops to the peacekeeping force. As of 3 December 2015 Bangladesh has 285 personal participating in UNIFIL in Lebanon.[258] Bangladesh Navy has also contributed a vessel to the UNIFIL Maritime Task Force (MTF) in Lebanon.[259]

Bangladesh like other South Asian countries also send workers to Lebanon to work in domestic and manual jobs, although many like those in the Gulf states complain of harsh conditions and low wages. During the 2006 Lebanon War, some of the Bangladeshis returned home but some went unpaid as their employers escaped the conflict by travelling abroad.

 Oman 18 December 1974 See Bangladesh–Oman relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 December 1974[86]

 Palestine 8 January 1981 See Bangladesh–Palestine relations

Relations between Bangladesh and Palestine are considered to be warm and cordial as Bangladesh advocates for an independent Palestinian state and an end to Israeli occupation. Bangladesh is one of the 135 countries to recognise Palestine as a state since the Palestinian Declaration of Independence on 15 November 1988. The first high-level meeting between the two was in 1974 at the second OIC summit in Lahore, Pakistan between Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and Yasser Arafat. Since then there have been high level contact such as Yasser Arafat's visits in 1981 and 1987 who was warmly received by both former presidents Ziaur Rahman and Hossain Mohammad Ershad with favourable media coverage. Later when democracy returned to Bangladesh, Arafat was also received warmly by Prime Ministers Khaleda Zia[260] and Sheikh Hasina. There is a wide public support for an independent Palestine as the Government had reported in 1987 that 8,000 had volunteered for the PLO although there had never been any official moves to send weapons or personnel.[261] Since the 1980s, under IMET (International Military Education and Training) there have been development of military ties between the PLO and Bangladesh with the former attending one year courses at the Bangladesh Military Academy in Chittagong.[262] Palestine is represented in Bangladesh by the Embassy of the State of Palestine in Dhaka. Bangladesh also provided material help to establish the diplomatic mission.[263]

 Qatar 4 March 1974 See Bangladesh–Qatar relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 March 1974[78]

 Saudi Arabia 17 November 1975 See Bangladesh–Saudi Arabia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 November 1975.[95][96]

Early relations between Riyadh and Dhaka where somewhat dormant owing to the former capital's country's close bond with Pakistan. From mid-1970s onward Bangladesh was seeking closer ties with oil rich Arab states such as Saudi Arabia. After the 1982 coup by Ershad, he visited Riyadh to meet with the King. Nine months later a ten-member delegation of the Saudi military arrived in Bangladesh to discuss possible military ties and inspect its facilities. Since 1981, Saudi Arabia has sent 100 officers to the Defence Services Command & Staff College in Dhaka, which is the college's largest number of overseas graduates from a single nation.[264]

Bangladesh is seeking to increase economic ties with Saudi Arabia to reduce the trade deficit currently in the Kingdom's favour. One of their proposals is to export ceramics, leather and pharmaceutical products to the Kingdom as they are already doing with the western nations.[265]

 Syria 14 September 1973 See Bangladesh–Syria relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 1973[67]

 Turkey 22 February 1974 See Bangladesh–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 February 1974[77]

  • Bangladesh has an embassy in Ankara.[266]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Dhaka.[266]
  • Both countries are members of OIC.[266]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$934 million in 2019 (Bangladeshi exports/imports: 509/427 billion USD).[267]

Bangladesh-Turkey relations have been excellent since Turkey recognised Bangladesh in 1971, soon after independence. The trade volume between the two countries have grown as did Bangladeshi exports and has been in Bangladesh's favour throughout their economic relationship. The present bilateral trade (2011) is more than US$1 billion. The two countries also have institutionalised co-operation in areas of investment, customs, health, defence, agriculture, education, air service, tourism and culture. Bangladesh and Turkey co-operate with each other at the multilateral forum, particularly in matters related to elections. In the recent years, Turkey and Bangladesh have supported each other in several forums, including at the ITU, IMO, CEDAW, HRC, etc. Turkey would support Bangladesh's 2016–17 candidature to the UN Security Council while Bangladesh would support Turkey's 2015–16 candidature to the UNSC. Besides, at the UN and OIC, the two countries are also the founding members of the D-8 (Developing-8 Countries) with six other nations with large Muslim populations.

 United Arab Emirates 9 March 1974 See Bangladesh–United Arab Emirates relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 March 1974[80]

 Yemen 21 March 1983 See Bangladesh–Yemen relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 March 1983[120]

South Yemen was the first Arab state to recognize Bangladesh (other Arab states had supported Pakistan in the 1971 war), and the support for Bangladeshi independence marked an emerging split between South Yemen and China.

Africa[edit]

Bangladesh's presence in Africa is mostly due to their large contribution to the peacekeeping forces present around the continent such as Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Sudan (Darfur) and Somalia. Bangladesh can foster ties based on its history such as nations in Southeast Africa where there is a South Asian population (whose ancestors immigrated there during the British Empire). In countries such as Ivory Coast and Sierra Leone, Bangladeshi peacekeepers have been honoured. It is currently trying to increase ties with the southern economic bloc in Southern Africa with nations such as Zimbabwe.[268]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria 30 July 1973 See Algeria–Bangladesh relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 July 1973[66]

 Benin 14 July 2008 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 July 2008 when has been accredited first Ambassador of Benin to Bangladesh (resident in Beijing) Mr. Sedozan Jean-Claude Apithy[172]
 Botswana 21 June 1983 See Bangladesh–Botswana relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 June 1983[127]

 Burkina Faso 10 July 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1974[83]
 Burundi 23 May 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 May 1983[125]
 Comoros 14 October 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 2014 when Ambassador of Bangladesh to Comoros Mr. Shabbir Ahmed Chowdhury presented his credentials to President Dr. Ikililou Dhoinine[177]
 Republic of Congo 12 March 2019 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 March 2019 when first Ambassador Republic of Congo (resident in New Delhi) Mr. Andre Poh presented his credentials to President Bangladesh M. Abdul Hamid[186]
 Cote d'Ivoire 10 February 1975 See Bangladesh–Ivory Coast relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 February 1975 when Bangladesh's first Ambassador to the Ivory Coast, Mr. Anwrul Haq, has presented his credentials to President Houphouet - Boigny[89]

 Djibouti 25 September 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 September 1983[269]
 Egypt 15 September 1973 See Bangladesh–Egypt relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1973[68]

Bangladesh and Egypt share views on international policies such as the occupation of Palestine and both being members of D-8, OIC and the Like Minded Group has helped to strengthen relations. Trade volume between the two countries was US$55 million in 2008–09. Bangladesh primarily buys fertiliser, iron, steel, and mining products from Egypt and sells mainly textiles. A small number of Bangladeshi students study in Egypt under its scholarship programme.[270]

 Equatorial Guinea 7 April 2022 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 April 2022 when first Ambassador of Bangladesh (resident in Madrid) Mr. Mohammad Sarwar Mahmood presented his credentials to President of Equatorial Guinea Obiang Nguema[191]
 Ethiopia 19 September 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 September 1976 when Mr. Mohammad Sultan, Bangladesh Ambassador to Egypt, has been accredited concurrently to Ethiopia[271]
 Gabon 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1976 when has been accredited Ambassador of Gabon to Bangladesh (resident in Paris) Marcel Sandoungout. He was also concurrently ambassador of Gabon to France ,Switzerland, Austria, Denmark, Sweden Yugoslavia, Holy See, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.[102]
 Gambia 1975

A business delegation from The Gambia, led by Minister of Trade, Industry, Regional Integration and Employment Abdoulie Jobe, visited Bangladesh in December 2014.[272]

 Ghana 19 July 1974 See Bangladesh–Ghana relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1974 when Bangladesh High Commissioner to Ghana presented his credentials to the Head of State Colonel I. K. Acheampong[84]

 Guinea 27 February 1985 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 February 1985[142]
 Guinea-Bissau 15 March 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1983[119]
 Kenya 23 November 1976 See Bangladesh–Kenya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 November 1976[101]

 Lesotho 4 March 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 March 1983[118]
 Liberia 19 August 1974, severed 18 August 1984 See Bangladesh–Liberia relations
 Libya 14 December 1974 See Bangladesh–Libya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 1974[85]

Relations between the two were non-existent due to the refusal to recognise Bangladesh and granting asylum to some of those who assassinated Sheikh Mujib. After Bangladesh began sending its diplomats to the Arab world such as Libya to explain their view of the war, they immediately recognised and established diplomatic relations with Bangladesh. Bangladesh opened its embassy in Tripoli on 8 January 1975.

Cooperation between the two countries is primarily in international forums such as the United Nations and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Bangladesh has expressed interest in increased economic ties, and specifically in exporting pharmaceutical products to Libya. Bangladesh has asked Libya to ease visa restrictions for Bangladesh nationals and to take in more manpower. Apart from labourers there are also Bangladeshis working in professional occupations increasing people to people links. Bangladesh has also welcomed Libyan students to study engineering and medical degrees at their universities.[273]

Bangladesh is an accredited mission to Tunisia and Malta and uses its embassy in Libya to communicate with those countries.

 Malawi 15 March 2012 See Bangladesh–Malawi relations
 Mali 30 September 1981 See Bangladesh–Mali relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 September 1981[111]

 Mauritania 4 October 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 October 1976[101]
 Mauritius 1975 See Bangladesh–Mauritius relations
 Morocco 13 July 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 July 1973[63]
 Mozambique 24 March 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 March 1983[122]
 Namibia 1990 See Bangladesh–Namibia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1990 when has been accredited first High Commissioner of Bangladesh to Namibia A. Y. B. I. Siddiqi[274]

 Niger 18 February 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 February 1983[114]
 Nigeria 3 January 1976 See Bangladesh–Nigeria relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 January 1976[98] Both nations are members of the OIC and the Developing 8 Countries. Nigeria has a high commission in the Bangladeshi capital Dhaka.

 Rwanda 12 January 1984 See Bangladesh–Rwanda relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 January 1984[137]

 Senegal 13 July 1973 See Bangladesh–Senegal relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 July 1973 when Ambassador of Bangladesh Mr. Anwarul Hag has presented his credentials to President of Senegal Senghor[64]

 Sierra Leone 22 January 1976 See Bangladesh–Sierra Leone relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 January 1976 when has been accredited High Commissioner of Bangladesh to Sierra Leone Mr. M. Anwarul Haq[99]

 South Africa 10 September 1994 See Bangladesh–South Africa relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September 1994[163]

Due to the brutality and the White Supremacist ideology of the Apartheid regime, relations between South Africa and Bangladesh were non-existent until the collapse of white minority rule and Nelson Mandela's rise to power. There is a number of Bangladeshis which make up the South Asian community in South Africa and immigration still continues, although it has temporarily halted due to attacks against foreign workers.

Bangladesh exports its raw materials such as leather, jute, garments and textiles. South Africa exports to Bangladesh are iron ore, steel, aluminium, infrastructure projects, machinery and equipments for railways.

 Sudan 24 September 1973 See Bangladesh–Sudan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 September 1973[69]

Throughout the course of history, relations between Bangladesh and Sudan have been warm and smooth. Seeing as both nations share a common religion, relations are generally good, but only recently has co-operation began to increase between the two countries. In March 2008, both governments came to an agreement which would primarily allow Bangladesh to export semi-skilled and skilled workers and also the opportunity to allow Bangladeshi firms and companies to expand their operations to Africa's largest country by size which is now enjoying an oil boom regardless of the events occurring in Darfur since 2007. The relationship between Bangladesh and Sudan thickened as UN Peacekeeping Mission manned by the Bangladeshi military started to work in Sudan in 2007. Bangladesh agreed to send 1,600 of its personal and urgently needed helicopters to join the UN peacekeeping force in Darfur.[275][276][277] As part of the growing relationship, Bangladesh will open a full-fledged Diplomatic mission in Khartoum.[278] Relations have diverged into different areas such as education where Sudan has offered more scholarships to Bangladeshi students and recently Sudan has shown interest in importing pharmaceuticals from Bangladesh.[279]

 South Sudan 16 February 2012 See Bangladesh–South Sudan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 February 2012[174]

Bangladesh recognised South Sudan as a country. Bangladeshi peacekeepers played an important role in the UN missions in South Sudan.

 Tanzania 24 June 1983 See Bangladesh–Tanzania relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1983[280]

Like other countries in Southeast Africa, they share historical and religious ties to the former British Indian nations such as Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. Tanzania has a South Asian community due to the immigration of Indian clerical workers to this part of Africa during the time of the British Empire.

Tanzania has recently decided to import pharmaceutical goods from a Bangladeshi company known as Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Tanzania was originally heavily dependent on India and other MNCs for medicines.[281]

 Uganda 25 November 1977 See Bangladesh–Uganda relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1977[105]

 Zambia 26 July 1979 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 July 1979[108]
 Zimbabwe 28 August 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 August 1981[110]

Europe[edit]

European countries provide significant economic assistance to Bangladesh.[282] Scandinavian countries contribute a greater percentage of their GDP to this aid than the rest of Europe does.[283] Europe is the top export destination for Bangladeshi products (53% in 2021). Textiles make up 97% of these exports, followed by agricultural products, particularly shrimp.[282][284][285]

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Albania 10 August 1977 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 August 1977[103]
 Andorra 9 May 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 May 2007[171]
 Austria 4 February 1972 See Austria–Bangladesh relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 February 1972[22]

 Belarus 21 February 1992 See Bangladesh–Belarus relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 February 1992[147]

 Belgium 15 May 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1973 when Bangladesh opened its Embassy in Brussels[62]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 26 August 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 1995[165]
 Bulgaria 31 January 1972 See Bangladesh–Bulgaria relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 1972[20]

 Croatia 18 December 1997 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 December 1997[168]
 Cyprus 11 January 1983 See Bangladesh–Cyprus relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 January 1983[112]

 Czech Republic 28 January 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 January 1972[18]
 Denmark 4 February 1972 See Bangladesh–Denmark relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 February 1972[23]

Denmark has an embassy in Dhaka. Bangladesh is represented through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Bangladesh has been part of the Danish development assistance since its independence in 1971. Danish development helps Bangladesh with transport, water transport, agriculture, fisheries and rural development.

Denmark supports Human Rights and Civil Society in Bangladesh. In 1975, an agreement on boat building and mechanisation was signed. In 1978, both countries signed an agreement on a fish marketing scheme.

 Estonia 5 November 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 November 1992[157]
 Finland 5 May 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 May 1972[40]
 France 17 March 1972 See Bangladesh–France relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 March 1972 when Bangladesh opened its Embassy in Paris[32]

France and Bangladesh share an amicable relationship. In 1991, France cancelled Bangladesh's public debt (FRF 598M) as a gesture of goodwill. Trade between the two remains in Bangladesh's favour with France being its fourth largest customer in 2005 (5.9% of Bangladeshi exports). France has many direct investments in the country such as the Lafarge cement plant[286] in Chatak and has recently shown interest in aiding Bangladesh with the development of a nuclear power plant for civilian purposes.

 Germany 4 February 1972 See Bangladesh–Germany relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 February 1972[24]

After the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, East Germany was the third country in the world, and the first country in Europe, to officially recognise Bangladesh in 1972.[287] Bangladesh also warmly greeted German reunification. As an economic power as well as an important member of the European Union (EU), Germany is a reliable partner of Bangladesh in development co-operation. Since independence, German churches and numerous non-governmental organisations (NGOs) made tremendous efforts to promote the social and economic development of Bangladesh. German assistance to Bangladesh is received in the form of development efforts, trade and cultural co-operation. Both countries have a long and successful bilateral relationship on most international issues. Germany always emphasises the democratic characteristics, governance issues and development process of Bangladesh.

After establishment of diplomatic relations, the bilateral relations between the two countries began to grow steadily. Between the start of development co-operation in 1972 and the end of 2005, Bangladesh received approximately €2.3 billion in commitments from Germany as part of bilateral financial and technical co-operation, in addition to the funds provided by the German churches and NGOs. At an intergovernmental negotiation in 2005, Bangladesh received €14 million in new commitments from Germany. Since 1978, all German funds provided as part of government level co-operation have been in the form of non-repayable grants.

Bangladesh is a priority partner country of German Development Cooperation (GTZ). By an agreement between both the government adopted in May 2004, the activities of the GTZ focus on three priority areas such as healthcare including family planning, economic reform and development of the market system through promotion of private sector, especially small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and renewable energies. Among the other ongoing projects the promotion of legal and social empowerment of women in Bangladesh is also to be mentioned. The sustainable economic development programme of GTZ in Bangladesh contributes to the competitiveness of the ready-made garments (RMG) sector, as well as other export-oriented sectors like silk, leather and jute.

In trade with Germany, Bangladesh has for years recorded a large surplus. Germany is the second largest export market of Bangladesh after the US. Bangladesh exports in Germany in 2006 amounted to €1.56 billion as compared with Bangladesh imports in the same period of only €305 million. About 94% of the exports from Bangladesh to Germany are RMGs and Bangladesh imports mainly comprising machinery, chemical and electrical goods, and medicines. A German-Bangladeshi investment promotion and protection agreement has been in force since 1986 and a bilateral double taxation accord since 1993. So far German direct investments in Bangladesh are almost €60 million. The Bangladesh-German Chamber of Commerce and Industry (BGCCI) acts as a business platform and mediator between both the countries.

The cultural relationship of both the countries is very strong. The cultural co-operation between them is mainly channelled through the Goethe Institute that work on developing the cultural ties between both the countries by sponsoring local and German cultural activities. Bangladesh has traditional and historical connection with Germany. There is a century-old exchange between German and Bengali people. German interest in the culture of Bengal dates back to the visits to Germany by the Bengali national poet and Nobel laureate for literature Rabindranath Tagore in the 1920s and 1930s. Many Bangladeshi intellectuals take a keen and informed interest in German literature, art, architecture and philosophy. In Bangladesh Goethe Institute is the main meeting place for all those interested in Germany.

Goethe-Institute Dhaka with headquarters in Munich offers a broad variety of cultural events to present the German culture in Bangladesh through its main activities by film-workshops, film-presentations, seminars and lectures on socio-political subjects as well as on aspects on contemporary arts, theatre performances, and exhibitions of German and Bangladeshi artists.

Bangladesh has traditional and historical connection with Germany, and both the countries enjoy closest ties. There are increasing contracts amongst German and Bangladeshi artists, primarily in the fine arts, photography/film and theatre. Bangladeshi artists have been able to exhibit in German galleries and museums. A number of visual artists from Bangladesh have also made Germany their new home. Germany continues to promote the restoration of historical monuments, archaeological research and the unique legacy of the Bengali catamarans. Since 1981, a co-operation agreement has been in place between Radio Bangladesh and Deutsche Welle (DW).

The bilateral commercial and trade interests of both the countries are continuing, although there is considerable scope for greater engagement. Bilateral relations got some momentum by several high level visits, contracts, and political and economic dialogue. In December 2000, the then head of the government of Bangladesh officially visited Germany. In February 2004, a German nine-member parliamentary delegation also visited Bangladesh.

Both Germany and Bangladesh share common views on various international issues and work together in the UN and in other international forum. They have maintained and developed close and friendly relations in a wide range of field. The two countries are harmonised together by their commitment to various sectors mutually agreed upon, which is expected to be strengthened further in future.

 Greece 11 March 1972 See Bangladesh–Greece relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 March 1972.[31]

 Holy See 25 September 1972 See Bangladesh–Holy See relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 September 1972.[52]

Relations are primarily based on the Roman Catholic community in Bangladesh who claim to have at least 221,000 adherents out of the total 600,000 Christians living in the country. Relations with the Vatican City is good. The Holy See has an Apostolic Nunciature (equivalent to an embassy) located in Bangladesh's capital city, Dhaka.

 Hungary 29 January 1972 See Bangladesh–Hungary relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 January 1972[19]

 Ireland 12 July 2000 See Bangladesh–Ireland relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 July 2000[169]

 Italy 18 January 1973 See Bangladesh–Italy relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 January 1973[55]

Relations between two countries have been wonderful. Bangladesh is a huge import market for Italy. Italy has an embassy in Dhaka. Bangladesh has an embassy in Rome. Relations have been warm. Italy is one of the largest export partners of Bangladesh.

 Kosovo 16 February 2018 See Bangladesh–Kosovo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 February 2018[183][184]

Bangladesh recognised the Republic of Kosovo as independent state on 27 February 2017.[288]

 Latvia 21 January 1993 See Bangladesh–Latvia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 January 1993[159]

 Lithuania 2 November 1992 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 November 1992[156]
 Luxembourg 20 November 1973 See Bangladesh–Luxembourg relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 November 1973[72]

 Malta 20 December 1979 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 December 1979[109]
 Moldova 14 September 1993 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 1993[162]
 Monaco 13 June 2023 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 June 2023[193]
 Montenegro 2 March 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 March 2007[170]
 Netherlands 11 February 1972 See Bangladesh–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1972[28]

 North Macedonia 14 February 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 February 1996[166]
 Norway 14 April 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 April 1972[38]
 Poland 12 January 1972 See Bangladesh–Poland relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 January 1972[15]

 Portugal 23 December 1974 See Bangladesh–Portugal relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1974[87]

 Romania 29 June 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 June 1972[47]
 Russia 25 January 1972 See Bangladesh–Russia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 January 1972[17]

Relations can be traced back to 1971 during the independence war when the Soviet Union sympathised with the Mukti Bahini cause and offered their assistance in the conflict. Although the start of their relations were very favourable, Bangladesh and Russia's relations have fluctuated greatly from extremely warm during the early 1970s to an all-time low during the 1980s (attributed to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan). After the dissolution of the Soviet Union Bangladesh established ties with all the former Soviet Republics including Russia and began diversifying into other areas such as education, cultural, military and energy.

 San Marino 31 May 2017 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 May 2017[181]
 Serbia 22 January 1972 See Bangladesh–Serbia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 January 1972[16]

 Slovakia 3 March 1993 See Bangladesh–Slovakia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 March 1993[161]

 Slovenia 20 March 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 March 1996[167]
 Spain 12 May 1972 See Bangladesh–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 May 1972[41]

 Sweden 12 April 1972 See Bangladesh–Sweden relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 April 1972[37]

  Switzerland 14 June 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 June 1972[45]
 Ukraine 24 February 1992 See Bangladesh–Ukraine relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 1992[148]

 United Kingdom 4 February 1972 See Bangladesh–United Kingdom relations and British Bangladeshi

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 February 1972[25][26]

Bangladesh open its High Commission in London on 8 February 1972 [289]

The ties between Britain and Bangladesh date back to the British Raj. During the Bangladesh Liberation War Britain offered shelter to diplomats and people who escaped the conflict. The government, politicians and the media were also critical of the atrocities and shown empathy for the Mukti Bahini. On 4 February 1972 Britain recognised Bangladesh, this eventually led to recognition from other European and Commonwealth nations and Bangladesh's induction into the Commonwealth on 18 April 1972. Britain holds the largest Bangladeshi diaspora in the western world, now numbered at around 500,000, most of them can trace their ties to the region of Sylhet. Britain also holds the largest open air Asian festival in Europe called Baishakhi Mela, a Bangladeshi event held in London.

There has been numerous delegation visits since Foreign Secretary Sir Alec Douglas-Home visited Bangladesh in June 1972. The first visit by a prime minister was James Callaghan in 1978. Other prime ministers who had visited Bangladesh are John Major in a 3-day visit in January 1997 and Tony Blair in 2002. Presidents and Prime Ministers of Bangladesh such as Sheikh Mujib, Ziaur Rahman and Fakhruddin Ahmed have visited the UK.

In March 2008, Fakhruddin Ahmed had visited Number 10 Downing Street to discuss increasing British investment and co-operation in defence and trade, especially on counter-terrorism and duty-free access for LDCs.[290] Britain is the largest foreign investor in Bangladesh and the third greatest export destination for Bangladeshi goods after US and Germany.

At the 7th ISS Asia Security Summit (also known as Shangri-La Dialogue) in Singapore, Bangladesh's Foreign advisor Iftekhar Ahmed Chowdhury met with UK's Defence Minister Des Browne at the sidelines to discuss security and defence relations between the two countries. Browne says he hoped that Bangladesh's modernising values can reach the Bangladeshi diaspora in the UK.[291]

 European Union See Bangladesh–European Union relations

America[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 25 May 1972 See Argentina–Bangladesh relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 May 1972[292]

 Bahamas 8 February 1985 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 February 1985[141]
 Barbados 20 February 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 February 1974[76]
 Belize 29 August 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 August 1983[128]
 Bolivia 9 June 1989 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1989[145]
 Brazil 15 May 1972 See Bangladesh–Brazil relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1972[42]

Bangladesh's only embassy in South America is located in Brazil. Trade is the primary part of their relations exporting raw materials such as metals from its open mines and importing pharmaceutical products from Bangladesh.[293]

 Canada 20 March 1972 See Bangladesh–Canada relations and Bangladeshi Canadian

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 March 1972.[33]

Relations between the two countries are positive and there are approximately 24,595 Canadians of Bangladeshi origin living in Canada.

 Chile 22 March 1983 See Bangladesh–Chile relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 March 1983[121]

 Colombia 14 February 1984 See Bangladesh–Colombia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 February 1984[138]

 Costa Rica 17 March 2016 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 March 2016[178]
 Cuba 25 January 1973 See Bangladesh–Cuba relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 January 1973[56]

 Dominica 24 November 2020 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 November 2020[190]
 Dominican Republic 13 March 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 March 2012[175]
 Ecuador 13 April 2016 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 April 2016[179]
 El Salvador 7 November 2016 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 November 2016[180]
 Guatemala 7 October 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 October 1983[132]
 Guyana 24 March 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 March 1972[35]
 Haiti See Bangladesh–Haiti relations
 Honduras 6 September 2017 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 September 2017[182]
 Jamaica 5 November 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 November 1973[71]
 Mexico 8 July 1975 See Bangladesh–Mexico relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 July 1975[92]

  • Bangladesh has an embassy in Mexico City.[294]
  • Mexico is accredited to Bangladesh from its embassy in New Delhi, India.[295]
 Nicaragua 15 February 1983 Both countries establ;ished diplomatic relations on 15 February 1983[113]
 Panama 5 June 1984 See Bangladesh–Panama relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 June 1984[140]

 Paraguay 24 October 2022 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 2022[192]
 Peru February 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations in February 1983[115]
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 31 August 2020 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 August 2020[189]
 Saint Lucia 12 May 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 May 1983[124]
 Suriname 8 November 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 November 1983[134]
 Trinidad and Tobago 22 September 1983 See Bangladesh–Trinidad and Tobago relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 1983[130]

 United States 18 May 1972 See Bangladesh–United States relations and Bangladeshi American

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 May 1972[43]

The United States is an aid donor to Bangladesh. It provides assistance during natural calamities. In the post 9/11 scenario, American policy-makers expressed support for moderation in Bangladesh. The US State Department voiced support for free elections before 2008 ends. Approximately 150,000 citizens are of Bangladeshi origin with the majority in professional jobs.

  • Bangladesh has an embassy in Washington, DC and has consulates-general in Los Angeles and New York City.[296]
  • United States has an embassy in Dhaka.[297]
 Uruguay 21 July 1987 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 July 1987[143]
 Venezuela 9 June 1975 See Bangladesh–Venezuela relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1975[90][91]

Bangladesh and Venezuela have maintained good ties as both nations have begun increased communications with each other. In August 2006, Venezuela had asked Bangladesh for support for a non-permanent seat in the UN Security Council[298] although Venezuela was not successful due to the repeated deadlocks in the 2006 UN Security Council election.

Oceania[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia 31 January 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 1972[21]
 Fiji 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1973[75]
 New Zealand 4 July 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 July 1972[48]
 Palau 16 July 2019 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 July 2019[187]
 Papua New Guinea 20 June 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 June 1983[126]
 Samoa 21 December 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 December 1983[136]
 Tuvalu 29 August 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 August 1983[129]
 Vanuatu 10 May 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1983[123]

Disputes – international[edit]

India[edit]

Myanmar[edit]

Allies[edit]

Bangladesh maintains a foreign policy that dictates friendship to all malice to none.[305] So, a black and white approach to identify allies and enemies in case of Bangladesh is not really an appropriate approach. Still Bangladesh has notable extra ordinary good relations with some countries. A few example should include relations with India,[306] China, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, United States, Malaysia, and South Korea.

Bangladesh does not really have problematic relations with any country. However, Bangladesh has a decades long border dispute and water sharing disagreement with India. Some level of solutions came in 2015 as to border issues as both countries agreed to co-operate more and maintain friendly ties but the water sharing issue remains unsolved.[307] In addition, following Rohingyas refugees flow especially after 2017 Bangladesh seems to experience difficult relations with Myanmar, however skillful diplomacy on behalf of Bangladesh hold it from getting worse.[308] As the Rohingya issue remains unsolved, it signals a warning for the future.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  • Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.
  • Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.
  1. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Dhaka". www.mofa.gov.bd. Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
  2. ^ "Part II - Fundamental Principles of State Policy". Constitution of Bangladesh. Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Promotion of international peace, security and solidarity. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  3. ^ "Bangladesh Joins Commonwealth". Edmonton Journal. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 19 April 1972 – via Google News.
  4. ^ "United Nations: Palestinian Position Becomes Critical Issue". The Citizen. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 18 September 1974 – via Google News.
  5. ^ "Bangladesh Elected to Security Council". Toledo Blade. Toledo, Ohio, US. 10 November 1978 – via Google News.
  6. ^ https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/02-country_ranking_36_mar2021.pdf March 2021, Contributions by Country (Ranking)
  7. ^ "Sheikh Mujibur Rahman with Shah Azizur Rahman to his right at Lahore". Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
  8. ^ Ahamed, Emajuddin (2012). "Rahman, Shahid Ziaur". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  9. ^ "Rahman Heads for Islamic Summit". St. Joseph News-Press. 6 November 1980. Retrieved 20 February 2015 – via Google News.
  10. ^ Latifee, E. H., 2016, http://www.textiletoday.com.bd/bangladesh-rmgs-achievements-from-apta/
  11. ^ "Bangladesh signs APTA: Plan to reduce trade gap with neighbors". bilaterals.org. 7 November 2005.[user-generated source]
  12. ^ a b "Address by Shri Harsh V Shringla, Foreign Secretary, MEA on 'Maitri Diwas: 50th Anniversary of India-Bangladesh Diplomatic Relations', 6 December 2021". Indian Council of World Affairs. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  13. ^ a b "Today we mark 50 years of India recognizing an independent, sovereign Bangladesh". Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India is on Facebook. 6 December 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  14. ^ "Relationship Between Palestine and Bangladesh". Palestine Embassy in Bangladesh. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  15. ^ a b "Bangladesh". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Poland. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  16. ^ a b Asian Recorder. K.K. Thomas at Recorder Press. 1972. p. 10614.
  17. ^ a b "Overview of the Russian-Bangladeshi Relations". Embassy of the Russian Federation in Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 24 March 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  18. ^ a b Pavol Petruf. "Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 (vybrané udalosti a fakty v dátumoch)" (PDF) (in Slovak). p. 110. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  19. ^ a b "Bangladesh Hungary bilateral relations". Embassy & Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of Bangladesh to the UN Offices and other International Organizations in Vienna. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  20. ^ a b "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  21. ^ a b "Bangladesh". Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
  22. ^ a b "Bangladesh Austria bilateral relations". Embassy & Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of Bangladesh to the UN Offices and other International Organizations in Vienna. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  23. ^ a b "Today, we mark 50 years of Danish-Bangladeshi relations!". Embassy of Denmark in Bangladesh in Facebook. 4 February 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  24. ^ a b "Bangladesch: Steckbrief". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  25. ^ a b "British establish Bangladesh ties". The New York Times. 5 February 1972. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  26. ^ a b "Bangladesh - UK Relations: a strong bond of friendship". Bangladesh High Commission London. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  27. ^ a b "Bilateral Political Relations". Embassy of the People's Republic of Bangladesh Tokyo. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  28. ^ a b "Bilateral Relations". Embassy of Bangladesh to the Netherlands. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  29. ^ a b "History". Embassy of the Philippines Dhaka Bangladesh. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  30. ^ "Dates of Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Sri Lanka. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  31. ^ a b "Bilateral Relations with Greece". Embassy of the People's Republic of Bangladesh Athens, Greece. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  32. ^ a b "Bangladesh France Relations". Ambassade du Bangladesh Paris. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  33. ^ a b "Message from the High Commissioner (HE Mr. Mizanur)". High Commission for Bangladesh Ottawa,Canada. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  34. ^ a b "Diplomatic Relations". Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar in Brazil. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  35. ^ a b "Countries with which Guyana has Establishment Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  36. ^ a b "Nepal-Bangladesh Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  37. ^ a b "Sweden". mofa.gov.bd. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  38. ^ a b "About the Embassy". Royal Norwegian Embassy in Dhaka. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  39. ^ a b "Hubungan Bilateral Indonesia - Bangladesh". Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Dhaka, The People's Republic of Bangladesh (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  40. ^ a b "Bangladesh". Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  41. ^ a b "50th anniversary of Spain-Bangladesh diplomatic relations". Embassy of the People's Republic of Bangladesh Madrid. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  42. ^ a b "Bangladesh-Brazil diplomatic relations". Embassy of the People's Republic of Bangladesh Brasilia DF, Brazil. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  43. ^ a b "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Bangladesh". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  44. ^ "Comunicado Conjunto sobre el Establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas entre la República Argentina y la República de Bangladesh". Biblioteca Digital de Tratados Argentina (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  45. ^ a b Revue générale de droit international public droit des gens-histoire diplomatique-droit pénal-droit fiscal-droit administratif · Volume 77, Issue 3 (in French). A. Pedone. 1973. p. 788.
  46. ^ a b "Diplomatic and Consular List" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia. March 2020. p. 5. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  47. ^ a b "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Romania. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  48. ^ a b New Zealand Foreign Affairs Review Volume 22. New Zealand. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1972. p. 77. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
  49. ^ a b "Bilateral Relation with Iraq". Embassy of the People's Republic of Bangladesh Baghdad, Iraq. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  50. ^ a b "Republic of Singapore Diplomatic & Consular List" (PDF). 2 July 2015. p. 37. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  51. ^ a b Malaysia Official Year Book. Vol. 12. Director General of Printing. 1974. p. 592.
  52. ^ a b "Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See". Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  53. ^ a b "History of the Embassy". Royal Thai Embassy, Dhaka. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  54. ^ "Country Profile of Mauritius". High Commission for the People’s Republic of Bangladesh Port Louis, Republic of Mauritius. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  55. ^ a b "Presidenza Giovanni Leone: Ikbal Athar, nuovo ambasciatore del Bangladesh: presentazione lettere credenziali". Portale storico della Presidenza della Repubblica (in Italian). 18 January 1973. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  56. ^ a b "Embajador de Cuba presenta Cartas Credenciales al Presidente de Bangladesh". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores Republica de Cuba (in Spanish). 31 January 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  57. ^ a b "List of countries which maintains diplomatic relations with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (as April 2010)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Vietnam. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  58. ^ a b Current World Leaders biography and news · Volumes 16-17. Almanac of Current World Leaders. 1973. p. 53.
  59. ^ a b News Review on South Asia. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1972. p. 85.
  60. ^ a b ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1973. p. 132.
  61. ^ a b "History of Bangladesh-Bhutan Relations". Embassy of the People's Republic of Bangladesh Thimphu, Bhutan. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  62. ^ a b "Former Ambassadors". bangladesh-embassy.be. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  63. ^ a b ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1973. p. 30.
  64. ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1973. p. 2935.
  65. ^ State Dept cable 1973-57642. State Department. 1973. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
  66. ^ a b News Review on South Asia. The Institute. 1972. p. 26.
  67. ^ a b ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1973. p. 11.
  68. ^ a b ARR Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1973. p. 6.
  69. ^ a b Summary of World Broadcasts Far East · Part 3. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1973. p. A-17.
  70. ^ a b ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1973. p. 18.
  71. ^ a b "Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade Jamaica. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  72. ^ a b "Bulletin de documentation" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). November–December 1973. p. 24. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  73. ^ a b Daniel Wertz, JJ Oh, and Kim Insung (August 2016). "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). NCNK (The National Committee on North Korea). p. 4. Retrieved 18 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  74. ^ a b "Bangladesh". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  75. ^ a b A Year Book of the Commonwealth. Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 1973. p. 90. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  76. ^ a b "List of countries with which Barbados has established diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade Barbados. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  77. ^ a b "Büyükelçilik". Embassy of the Republic of Türkiye in Dhaka. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  78. ^ a b "Bilateral Relations". Embassy of the People's Republic of Bangladesh Doha,Qatar. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  79. ^ a b Bangladesh, the First Four Years (from 16 December 1971 to 15 December 1975). Bangladesh Institute of Law & International Affairs. 1980. p. 95.
  80. ^ a b Chronicle of Progress. Trident Press. 1996. p. 59. ISBN 9781900724036. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  81. ^ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bahrain. Archived from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  82. ^ a b c "Brief history on Bilateral Relations between Iran and Bangladesh". Embassy of the Islamin Republic of Iran Dhaka. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  83. ^ a b Le Courrier consulaire de la Haute-Volta - Volumes 73-77 (in French). Chambre de commerce, d'agriculture et d'industrie de Haute-Volta. 1974.
  84. ^ a b Third Year in Office of Colonel Ignatius Kutu Acheampong, 13th January 1974-12th January 1975. Ghana. National Redemption Council. Office of the Press Secretary. 1975. p. 137.
  85. ^ a b News Review on West Asia. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1975. pp. 80–81.
  86. ^ a b News Review on South Asia Volume 18. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1975. p. 29.
  87. ^ a b Bangladesh Volumes 4-5. Bangladesh Embassy (United States), Bangladesh Mission. 1974. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  88. ^ Bangladesh Volumes 4-5. Bangladesh Embassy (United States), Bangladesh Mission. 1974. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  89. ^ a b West Africa - Issues 3002-3027. West Africa Publishing Company Limited. 1975. p. 175.
  90. ^ a b Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho (in Spanish). Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2003. pp. 528–529.
  91. ^ a b Bangladesh Volumes 4-5. Bangladesh Embassy (United States), Bangladesh Mission. 1974. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  92. ^ a b "Hoy conmemoramos el 47 aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre México y Bangladesh". Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  93. ^ a b News Review on South Asia - Volume 18. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1975. p. 974.
  94. ^ a b "Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the People's Republic of China and the People's Republic of Bangladesh". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  95. ^ a b Bangladesh: Past and Present. Salahuddin Ahmed, A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. 2004. p. 219. ISBN 9788176484695. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  96. ^ a b Bangladesh Volumes 4-5. Bangladesh Embassy (United States), Bangladesh Mission. 1974. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  97. ^ A Year Book of the Commonwealth. Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 1975. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-11-580169-3. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  98. ^ a b Asian Almanac - Volume 14. V.T. Sambandan. 1976. p. 7841.
  99. ^ a b Diplomatic and Consular List and List of Administrative Officers, Ministry of External Affairs. Sierra Leone. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1972. p. 13.
  100. ^ Translations on South and East Asia Volumes 675-690. Joint Publications Research Service. 1976. p. 120. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  101. ^ a b c d Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1976. p. 4243.
  102. ^ a b Afrique d'expression franc̜aise et Madagascar Volumes 552-563 (in French). Société nouvelle des Editions France Outremer S.A. 1976. p. 106.
  103. ^ a b Asian Almanac 16. V.T. Sambandan. 1978. p. 8597.
  104. ^ "Зарубежные Страны: Бангладеш" (PDF). Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1978. Выпуск двадцать второй (in Russian). p. 206. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  105. ^ a b Translations on South and East Asia Volumes 749-757. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1977. p. 9. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  106. ^ a b "Maldives Bangladesh Bilateral Relations". High Commission of Maldives. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  107. ^ "Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Government of Iceland. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  108. ^ a b List of Diplomatic, Consular, and Trade Missions and International Organisations. Zambia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1978. p. 6.
  109. ^ a b "High commissioner Reuben Gauci presents credentials in Bangladesh". foreign.gov.mt. 8 April 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  110. ^ a b South and East Asia Report No. 1056. United States Joint Publications Research Service. 2 October 1981. p. 60. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
  111. ^ a b South and East Asia Report No. 1071. United States Joint Publications Research Service. 24 November 1981. p. 72. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  112. ^ a b FBIS Daily Report--Western Europe. United States Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 12 January 1983. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  113. ^ a b Near East/South Asia Report. Vol. 2730. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1983. p. 61.
  114. ^ a b Sub-Saharan Africa Report No. 2767. United States Joint Publications Research Service. 3 March 1983. p. 26. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  115. ^ a b "Perú inaugura un consulado en Bangladesh". rpp.pe (in Spanish). 29 November 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  116. ^ Near East/South Asia Report No. 2745. 29 April 1983. p. 142. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  117. ^ "New High Commissioner of the People's Republic of Bangladesh to Seychelles Accredited". statehouse.gov.sc. 6 August 2019. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  118. ^ a b Near East/South Asia Report No. 2745. 29 April 1983. p. 143. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  119. ^ a b Bulletin - Volumes 23-24. The Institute. 1983. p. 64.
  120. ^ a b "Chronologies Dans Monde Arabe 1983/2 (N°100)". La Documentation française (in French). p. 74. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  121. ^ a b Latin America Report Issue 2668. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1983. p. 25.
  122. ^ a b Near East/South Asia Report No. 2757. 23 May 1983. p. 114. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
  123. ^ a b Near East/South Asia Report No. 2792. 1 August 1983. p. 78. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
  124. ^ a b Near East/South Asia Report No. 2792. 1 August 1983. p. 79. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
  125. ^ a b Near East/South Asia Report, Issue 2795. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1983. p. 102.
  126. ^ a b Near East/South Asia Report, No. 2804. Defense Technical Information Center. 17 August 1983. p. 153. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
  127. ^ a b News Review on South Asia and Indian Ocean. Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses. 1983. p. 442.
  128. ^ a b Near East/South Asia Report No. 2840. United States Joint Publications Research Service. 24 October 1983. p. 137. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  129. ^ a b Near East/South Asia Report No. 2840. United States Joint Publications Research Service. 24 October 1983. p. 138. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  130. ^ a b Near East/South Asia Report No. 2844. United States Joint Publications Research Service. 27 October 1983. p. 68. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  131. ^ Near East/South Asia Report No. 2851. United States Joint Publications Research Service. 15 November 1983. p. 212. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  132. ^ a b "Hoy se celebran 39 años de relaciones diplomáticas con Bangladesh. Guatemala reafirma el compromiso por estrechar aún más los vínculos de amistad y cooperación". MINEX Guatemala (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  133. ^ Near East/South Asia Report No. 2851. United States Joint Publications Research Service. 15 November 1983. p. 213. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  134. ^ a b "Lijst van Diplomatieke Betrekkingen en Visum-afschaffingsovereenkomsten" (PDF). gov.sr (in Dutch). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  135. ^ Near East/South Asia Report. United States Joint Publications Research Service. 6 January 1984. p. 146. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  136. ^ a b "Countries with Established Diplomatic Relations with Samoa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade Samoa. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
  137. ^ a b IDSA News Review on South Asia/Indian Ocean, Volume 17. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1984. p. 3.
  138. ^ a b "Bangladés". cancilleria.gov.co (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  139. ^ a b "Bangladesh". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Brunei Darussalam. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  140. ^ a b Near East/South Asia Report - Issue 84116. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1984. p. 65.
  141. ^ a b DTIC ADA351816: Near East/South Asia Report. Defense Technical Information Center. 28 March 1985. p. 120. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  142. ^ a b Near East/South Asia Report Issue 85060. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1985. p. 70.
  143. ^ a b JPRS Report: Near East & South Asia - Issue 87088. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1987. p. 58.
  144. ^ a b "List of states which the Lao PDR has established diplomatic relations since 1950". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lao PDR. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  145. ^ a b "Diplomatic Relations Between Bolivia and Bangladesh as of 9 June 1989". United Nations Digital Library. 9 June 1990. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  146. ^ Europa Year Book 1991, Volume 1. Europa Publications. 1991. p. 1896. ISBN 978-0-946653-69-0.
  147. ^ a b "Political Relations between the Republic of Belarus and the People's Republic of Bangladesh". Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in the Republic of India. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  148. ^ a b "Between Ukraine and Bangladesh". Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of India. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  149. ^ a b "The People's Republic of Bangladesh". Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  150. ^ a b "States with which Turkmenistan established diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  151. ^ a b "Countries which has established Diplomatic Relations with Kazakhstan". The Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Kazakhstan. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  152. ^ a b "List of states with which the Republic of Tajikistan established diplomatic relations" (PDF). Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  153. ^ a b "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения". The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kyrgyz Republic (in Russian). Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  154. ^ a b "Bangladesh, People's Republic of". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  155. ^ a b "States with which the Republic of Uzbekistan established diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Uzbekistan. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  156. ^ a b "with Bangladesh". Embassy of the Republic of Lithuania to the Republic of India. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  157. ^ a b "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia". Republic of Estonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs (in Estonian). Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  158. ^ a b "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  159. ^ a b "Dates of Establishment and Renewal of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Latvia. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  160. ^ a b "Remarks at "The Birth Centenary of the Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the Golden Jubilee of the Independence of Bangladesh"". pressocm.gov.kh. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  161. ^ a b "Bangladéš: Základné informácie". mzv.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  162. ^ a b "Republica Populară Bangladesh". mfa.gov.md (in Romanian). Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  163. ^ a b "Bilateral Relations (country profiles listed alphabetically)". dirco.gov.za. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  164. ^ Ueantabo Fakaofo Neemia (1995). "Smallness, islandness and foreign policy behaviour: aspects of island microstates foreign policy behaviour with special reference to Cook Islands and Kiribatiю (Thesis) University of Wollongong.Download 02Whole.pdf (4523 kB).Page 229". University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  165. ^ a b "Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  166. ^ a b "Diplomatic Relations Between Bangladesh and The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia as of 14 Feb. 1996". United Nations Digital Library. 14 February 1996. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  167. ^ a b Mojca Pristavec Đogić (2016). "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije" (PDF) (in Slovenian). p. 6. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  168. ^ a b "Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Republic of Croatia Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  169. ^ a b "List of non-resident Ambassadors & High Commissioners to Bangladesh" (PDF). Bangladesh Diplomatic List 2004. p. 8. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  170. ^ a b "Diplomatic Relations Between Montenegro and Bangladesh as of 2 Mar. 2007". United Nations Digital Library. 2 March 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  171. ^ a b "Diplomatic Relations Between Andorra and Bangladesh as of 9 May 2007". United Nations Digital Library. 9 May 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  172. ^ a b "Diplomatic List Bangladesh 2007" (PDF). p. 97. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  173. ^ "MNE recebe Embaixador da República Popular do Bangladesh para Timor-Leste" (in Portuguese). 16 January 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  174. ^ a b "Move on to establish diplomatic relations with South Sudan". The Daily Star. 23 February 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  175. ^ a b "República Dominicana y Bangladesh establecen relaciones diplomáticas". Diario Libre (in Spanish). 13 March 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  176. ^ "Malawi and Bangladesh Establish Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  177. ^ a b "Le nouvel Ambassadeur de Bangladesh a presente ses Lettres de creance". HABARI ZA COMORES (in French). 14 October 2014. Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  178. ^ a b "Nuevos embajadores de Australia, Bangladesh, Egipto, Ghana y Vietnam presentaron cartas credenciales". Observatorio de la Política Internacional (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  179. ^ a b "Cancillería del Ecuador Entrega de copia de cartas credenciales". flickr.com. 13 April 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  180. ^ a b "Diplomatic Relations Between Bangladesh and El Salvador as of 7 Nov. 2016". United Nations Digital L:ibrary. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  181. ^ a b "Rapporti bilaterali della Repubblica di San Marino". esteri.sm (in Italian). Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  182. ^ a b "Embajadores de cinco países presentan cartas credenciales en Honduras". Proceso Digital (in Spanish). 6 September 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  183. ^ a b "State Minister for Foreign Affairs of Bangladesh met H.E. Mr. Etjen Xhafaj, Deputy Foreign Minister of Albania on 17 February at Albanian Foreign Ministry in Tirana". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bangladesh. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  184. ^ a b "Albania thanks Bangladesh for recognising Kosovo". bdnews24.com. 19 February 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  185. ^ "O Presidente da República recebeu as cartas credenciais pelo Embaixador de Bangladesh, Senhor Ruhul Siddique, residente em Lisboa" (in Portuguese). 6 June 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  186. ^ a b "Four envoys present credentials to President". Bangla Tribune. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  187. ^ a b "Diplomatic Relations Between People's Republic of Bangladesh and Republic of Palau as of 16 July 2019". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  188. ^ "Présentation de la lettre de créances de l'Ambassadeur de Bengladesh à Madagascar". presidence.gov.mg (in French). Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  189. ^ a b "Saint Kitts and Nevis Establishes Diplomatic Relations with The People's Republic of Bangladesh". sknis.gov.kn. 28 September 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  190. ^ a b "Diplomatic Relations Between Dominica and Bangladesh as of 24 Nov. 2020". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  191. ^ a b "Guinea Ecuatorial quiere estrechar relaciones con Bangladesh para aprender de su experiencia de desarrollo industrial con Pymes". guineainfomarket.com (in Spanish). 10 April 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  192. ^ a b "El canciller nacional recibió las copias de las cartas credenciales de embajadora de Bangladesh". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores Paraguay (in Spanish). 24 October 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  193. ^ a b "13 juin 2023 – le Consul Général honoraire du Kazakhstan et le Consul honoraire de Mongolie accompagnent leur Ambassadeur pour la remise de leurs lettres de créance à S.A.S. le Prince Albert II". achm.mc (in French). 13 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  194. ^ a b "Bangladesh looks to resolve Teesta water sharing treaty with India after Land Boundary Agreement deal". The Economic Times. Mumbai. 14 June 2015.
  195. ^ "Afghanistan keen to recruit manpower from Bangladesh". The Daily Star. 15 May 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  196. ^ "Bhutanese King keens to export hydroelectric power" (Press release). Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha. 18 February 2013. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
  197. ^ "Bangladesh-Bhutan Relations". Embassy of Bangladesh in Bhutan. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
  198. ^ Lal Babu Yadav (1996). Indo-Bhutan relations and China interventions. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 198. ISBN 978-81-7488-218-9.
  199. ^ Narendra Kr. Singh (2003). Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 151–156. ISBN 978-81-261-1390-3.
  200. ^ "Bhutan seeks investment from Bangladesh". Gulf Times. 2 September 2008. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011.
  201. ^ Dutta, Piyali (September 2010). India-Bangladesh Relations: Issues, Problems and Recent Developments (PDF) (Report). Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies.
  202. ^ "Indo-Bangladesh Relations Revisited". 29 August 2014.
  203. ^ "India, Bangladesh seal historic Land Boundary Agreement". India Today. 6 June 2015.
  204. ^ "India, Bangladesh sign historic border pact: As it happened". Zee News. 6 June 2015.
  205. ^ "Bangladesh, India agree to tackle counterfeit currency notes". Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  206. ^ "Recognition of Bangladesh in 1971: Accountability to History". Center for Bangladesh Genocide Research. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
  207. ^ Shelley, Mizanur Rahman (16 December 2012). "Victory Day Special 2012". The Daily Star.
  208. ^ Feroze, Shahriar (15 December 2014). "1971 – A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh". The Daily Star.
  209. ^ "For Bangladesh: India is causing trouble". International Herald Tribune. 22 January 2003. Archived from the original on 16 June 2008.
  210. ^ Kobayashi-Hillary, Mark (2004). Outsourcing to India: The Offshore Advantage. Springer. pp. 61–. ISBN 978-3-540-20855-6.
  211. ^ The Europa World Year Book 2003. Taylor & Francis. 2003. pp. 662–. ISBN 978-1-85743-227-5.
  212. ^ "Bangladesh promises India all help against insurgents". The Hindu. 4 March 2007. Archived from the original on 1 October 2007.
  213. ^ "Dhaka dismisses Mumbai bomb claim". BBC World News. 15 July 2006.
  214. ^ "2 cr Bangladeshis in India: Fernandes Says proxy war by Pak main challenge". The Tribune. Chandigarh, India. 28 September 2003.
  215. ^ "Problem of Bangladeshi migrants". The Tribune (Editorial). Chandigarh, India. 17 February 2003.
  216. ^ Nelson, Dean (13 November 2005). "India fences off Bangladesh to keep out Muslim terror". The Sunday Times. London. Archived from the original on 20 February 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
  217. ^ Fiona Samuels and Sanju Wagle 2011. Population mobility and HIV and AIDS: review of laws, policies and treaties between Bangladesh, Nepal and India Archived 20 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine. London: Overseas Development Institute
  218. ^ Security concerns delay India-Bangladesh train link, Reuters, 30 July 2007
  219. ^ Bangladesh, India exchange crime information, Reuters, 29 October 2007
  220. ^ "India finds control of South Talpatti, Hariabhanga river significant gain". New Age. 13 July 2014.
  221. ^ "Maldives to recruit Bangladeshi workers". bdnews24.com. 1 August 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  222. ^ "Bangladesh Gains in Favor". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Sarasota, Florida, US. United Press International. 17 January 1972 – via Google News.
  223. ^ "Nepal And Bangladesh, A Strong Relationship". Scoop. 8 April 2005. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  224. ^ "Diplomatic Relation". High Commission for the People's Republic of Bangladesh Colombo. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  225. ^ "Bangladesh to donate Buddha hair relic to SL". dna. 15 July 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  226. ^ "Bangladesh – Sri Lanka Bilateral Talks – Establishment of New Air Link". Asian Tribune. 2 August 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  227. ^ "Sophisticated 3-dimensional Naval Force to be built: PM". The Daily Star. 30 December 2005.
  228. ^ "Bangladesh High Comm pushes for Brunei-Dhaka direct flights". Brunei Times. 19 August 2014. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015.
  229. ^ "Eskayef becomes first local firm to export medicine to Indonesia". The Daily Star. 10 July 2008.
  230. ^ "Bangladesh signs agreement with Malaysia on money laundering info exchange". Bangladesh Business News. 13 August 2008.
  231. ^ "Bangladesh-Malaysia Ties". Global Politician. 11 May 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011.
  232. ^ "Bangladesh, Myanmar pledge to resolve disputes over maritime borders". All Burma IT Students' Union. IRNA. 28 July 2008. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
  233. ^ "Singapore to elevate consulate in Dhaka to high commission". www.daijiworld.com. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  234. ^ "Singapore to upgrade consulate in Dhaka to high commission from Oct 1". Daily Sun. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  235. ^ "Singapore to upgrade its consulate to high commission in Dhaka | News Flash". BSS. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  236. ^ "Singapore to upgrade consulate in Dhaka to high commission". New Age. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  237. ^ "Singapore announces upgrading its consulate into high commission in Dhaka". Risingbd.com. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  238. ^ "Singapore announces to open High Commission in Dhaka". The Business Standard. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  239. ^ "Bangladesh, Pakistan Team Up With China on Space Cooperation". Physorg.com. 31 October 2005. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  240. ^ Abdul Matin, Muhammad (2005). "East Asian Security: A Bangladesh Perspective". In Sisodia, N. S.; Naidu, G. V. C. (eds.). Changing Security Dynamic in Eastern Asia: Focus on Japan. Bibliophile South Asia. pp. 504–528. ISBN 978-81-86019-52-8.
  241. ^ Ashrafur Rahman, Syed (October–December 2005). "Japan's Political and Economic Goals in Bangladesh" (PDF). Asian Affairs. 27 (4): 41–50. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2008.
  242. ^ "Japan, Bangladesh wants N. Korea to reaffirm missile moratorium". Kyodo News International. 25 July 2006 – via The Free Library.
  243. ^ "Bangladesh to sign deal with South Korea for manpower export". People's Daily. 27 May 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  244. ^ "Korea and Bangladesh Can Learn From Each Other". The Korea Times. 2 March 2008.
  245. ^ "Ties between Dhaka, Kyrgyzstan to be strengthened further: Bangladesh President". Bangladesh Journal. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008.
  246. ^ "Common goals boost bilateral ties". The Peninsula. August 2008. Archived from the original on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  247. ^ "Bangladesh: Lebanon attacks 'state terrorism'". The Jerusalem Post. 20 July 2006.
  248. ^ a b "Israeli troops shoot Hezbollah militants". CNN. 21 August 2006. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  249. ^ "Dhaka to sign preferential trade accord with Tehran". bilaterals.org. 18 July 2006.[user-generated source]
  250. ^ "Bangladesh Seeks Iran's Cooperation in Nuclear Energy Sector". Shana. Petro Energy Information Network. 5 August 2007.
  251. ^ Mudiam, Prithvi Ram (1994). India and the Middle East. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-85043-703-1.
  252. ^ "Iraqi embassy in Bangladesh formally closed". The Indian Express. 11 August 2003. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  253. ^ "Manpower export to Iraq approved". The New Nation. Dhaka. 12 October 2009. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
  254. ^ "Overseas Graduates – Iraq". Defense Services Command & Staff College, Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015.
  255. ^ "Who might send troops to Iraq?". BBC News. 7 October 2003. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  256. ^ Squitieri, Tom (27 October 2003). "Nations back off sending troops to Iraq". USA Today. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  257. ^ "Anti-war protests in South Asia". BBC News. 21 March 2003. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  258. ^ a b "UNIFIL Troop-Contributing Countries". unifil.unmissions.org. United Nations. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  259. ^ "Maritime Task Force". unifil.unmissions.org. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  260. ^ "PM reaffirms support to Palestine". The Daily Star. 20 April 2006. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  261. ^ Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert, eds. (1989). "The Islamic World". Bangladesh: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 194–195.
  262. ^ Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert, eds. (1989). "Foreign Acquisitions and Ties". Bangladesh: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 225–227.
  263. ^ "Currents and Crosscurrents: Post-Arafat scenario". The Daily Star. 13 November 2004. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  264. ^ "Overseas Graduates – Saudi Arabia". Defense Services Command & Staff College, Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015.
  265. ^ "Bangla-Saudi Relations Built on Common Culture, Understanding". Arab News. 26 March 2006.
  266. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Bangladesh". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  267. ^ "Turkey-Bangladesh Economic and Trade Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  268. ^ "Zimbabwe: Bangladesh Investors to Explore Opportunities". The Herald. Harare. 10 September 2008. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012 – via AllAfrica.
  269. ^ Near East/South Asia Report - Issue 2851. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1983. p. 212.
  270. ^ "Egypt and Bangladesh". State Information Service.
  271. ^ Translations on South and East Asia Volumes 675-690. Joint Publications Research Service. 1976. p. 23. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  272. ^ "Gambia seeks guidance from Bangladesh". Bdnews24.com. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  273. ^ "Iajuddin for easing Libyan visa regime for Bangladeshis". Office of the President of Bangladesh. 10 July 2008. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  274. ^ Namibia Trade Directory. Advantage Promotions. 1991.
  275. ^ "Ethiopia, Bangladesh offer Darfur helicopters-UN". Reuters. 5 February 2008. Archived from the original on 9 February 2008.
  276. ^ "Bangladesh Troops to Join UN Force in Sudan". Voice of America. 29 October 2009.
  277. ^ "Bangladesh to send troops for UN peacekeeping mission in Sudan". Sudan Times. 20 December 2004. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  278. ^ "Sudan, Bangladesh to sign deal on manpower importation". Sudan Times. 20 March 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  279. ^ "Sudan intend to import Bangladeshi skilled manpower & pharmaceuticals". Sudan Times. 23 August 2005. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  280. ^ Daily Report: Middle East & Africa. Index - Volume 4. NewsBank. 1985. p. 48.
  281. ^ "Tanzania Square Pharma's new export destination". The Daily Star. 17 January 2008.
  282. ^ a b Baxter, Craig (2005). "Bangladesh's Foreign Relations". In Hagerty, Devin T. (ed.). South Asia in world politics. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 84. ISBN 0-7425-2586-4.
  283. ^ Rashid, Harun ur (2001). Foreign relations of Bangladesh. Varanasi: Rishi Publications. p. 176. ISBN 81-85193-25-8.
  284. ^ Rashid, Harun ur (2001). Foreign relations of Bangladesh. Varanasi: Rishi Publications. p. 168. ISBN 81-85193-25-8.
  285. ^ "Exporter:Bangladesh, Importer:Europe, Year: 2021". The Atlas of Economic Complexity.
  286. ^ "Bangladesh: LaFarge Unveils Cement Plans". MOCI. 2001. Retrieved 20 February 2015 – via readabstracts.com.
  287. ^ "E. Germany Recognizes Bangladesh". Ocala Star-Banner. Ocala, Florida, US. Associated Press. 11 January 1972 – via Google News.
  288. ^ "Bangladesh Officially Recognizes Kosovo as an Independent State". Dhaka Tribune. 27 February 2017.
  289. ^ "United Kingdom (London)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bangladesh. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  290. ^ "Bangladesh, UK to begin 'new strategic partnership'". The Daily Star. 19 March 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  291. ^ "Bangladesh-UK ties are strategic: Foreign Adviser". New Nation. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015 – via International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS).
  292. ^ "Comunicado Conjunto sobre el Establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas entre la República Argentina y la República de Bangladesh". Biblioteca Digital de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  293. ^ "Welcome to MOFA Website". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  294. ^ "Basic Information: Mexico". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
  295. ^ "Embajada de México en India". Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores.
  296. ^ "Home". The Embassy of Bangladesh in Washington DC.
  297. ^ "Home". Embassy of the United States Dhaka, Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 23 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  298. ^ "Venezuela seeks Bangladesh support for candidature of UNSC non-permanent membership". People's Daily Online. 23 August 2006. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  299. ^ "Teesta river agreement: Latest News on Teesta river agreement". The Economic Times.
  300. ^ "Teesta river runs dry as India and Bangladesh fail to resolve disputes". Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  301. ^ Press Trust of India (29 December 2009). "Myanmar to repatriate 9,000 Muslim refugees from B'desh". Zee News.
  302. ^ "Myanmar to take back 9,000 Rohingyas soon". The Daily Star. 30 December 2009.
  303. ^ "Myanmar to 'take back' Rohingya refugees". The Daily Star. 16 October 2011.
  304. ^ "Little help for the persecuted Rohingya of Burma". The Guardian. London. 1 December 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
  305. ^ Minar, Sarwar J. (2018). "Grand Strategy and Foreign Policy: How Grand Strategy Can Aid Bangladesh's Foreign Policy Rethinking?". Journal of Social Studies. 4 (1). doi:10.31235/osf.io/5a6vm. S2CID 241302553.
  306. ^ "Dhaka and Delhi's 'special relationship'". BBC News. 8 June 2015.
  307. ^ "India, Bangladesh sign historic land boundary agreement, end 41-year-long misery of 50,000 stateless people". The Times of India.
  308. ^ Minar, Sarwar J.; Halim, Abdul (2020). "The Rohingyas of Rakhine State: Social Evolution and History in the Light of Ethnic Nationalism". Social Evolution & History. 19 (2). arXiv:2106.02945. doi:10.30884/seh/2020.02.06. ISSN 1681-4363. S2CID 229667451.

Further reading[edit]

  • Choudhury, G.W. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the Major Powers: Politics of a Divided Subcontinent (1975), relations with US, USSR and China.


External links[edit]