Y'all

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The Florence Y'all Water Tower in Florence, Kentucky; the words were painted in 1974.[1]

Y'all (pronounced /jɔːl/ yawl[2]) is a contraction of you and all, sometimes combined as you-all. Y'all is the main second-person plural pronoun in Southern American English, with which it is most frequently associated,[3] though it also appears in some other English varieties, including African-American English and South African Indian English. It is usually used as a plural second-person pronoun, but whether it is exclusively plural is a perennial subject of discussion.

History[edit]

Y'all is a contraction of you all. The spelling you-all in second-person plural pronoun usage was first recorded in 1824.[4][5] The earliest two attestations with the actual spelling y'all are from 1856,[6] and in the Southern Literary Messenger (published in Richmond, Virginia) in 1858.[7] Although it appeared in print sporadically in the second half of the nineteenth century in the Southern United States, its usage did not accelerate as a whole Southern regional phenomenon until the twentieth century.[8]

It is not certain whether its use began specifically with black or white residents of the South, both of whom use the term today;[9] one possibility is that the term was brought by Scots-Irish immigrants to the South, evolving from the earlier Ulster Scots term ye aw.[10][11][12] An alternative theory is that y'all is a calque of Gullah and Caribbean creole via earlier dialects of African-American English.[13] However, most linguists agree that y'all is likely an original form, deriving from original processes of grammar and morphological change, rather than being directly transferred from any other English dialects.[13]

Y'all appeared at different times in various dialects of English, including Southern American English and South African Indian English, suggesting parallel, independent development,[14] while emergence in Southern and African-American Vernacular English closely correlates in time and place.

The spelling y'all is the most prevalent in print, ten times that of ya'll;[15] much less common spelling variants include yall, yawl, and yo-all.[9]

Linguistic characteristics[edit]

Functionally, the emergence of y'all can be traced to the merging of singular ("thou") and plural ("ye") second-person pronouns in Early Modern English.[13] Y'all thus fills in the gap created by the absence of a separate second-person plural pronoun in standard modern English. Y'all is unique in that the stressed form that it contracts (you-all) is converted to an unstressed form.[15]

The usage of y'all can satisfy several grammatical functions, including an associative plural, a collective pronoun, an institutional pronoun, and an indefinite pronoun.[10][16]

Y'all can in some instances serve as a "tone-setting device to express familiarity and solidarity."[17] When used in the singular, y'all can be used to convey a feeling of warmth towards the addressee.[18] In this way, singular usage of y'all differs from French, Russian or German, where plural forms can be used for formal singular instances.[18]

Singular usage[edit]

There is historic disagreement whether y'all is primarily or exclusively plural,[13] with debate steming from the late nineteenth century to the present.[16] While some Southerners hold y'all is only properly used as a plural pronoun, counter evidence suggests usage include singular references,[9][15][18][19] particularly amongst non-Southerners.[20]

H. L. Mencken, in recognizing the typical plural reference of y'all, acknowledged observation of the singular reference, writing-

is a cardinal article of faith in the South. ... Nevertheless, it has been questioned very often, and with a considerable showing of evidence. Ninety-nine times out of a hundred, to be sure, you-all indicates a plural, implicit if not explicit, and thus means, when addressed to a single person, 'you and your folks' or the like, but the hundredth time it is impossible to discover any such extension of meaning.

— H. L. Mencken, The American Language Supplement 2: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States, 1948, p.337[21]

Possessive forms[edit]

The existence of the genitive (or possessive) form y'all's indicates that y'all functions as a pronoun as opposed to a phrasal element.[17] The possessive form of y'all has not been standardized; numerous forms can be found, including y'alls, y'all's, y'alls's, you all's, your all's, and all of y'all's.[16]

All y'all[edit]

All y'all, all of y'all, and alls y'all are used by some speakers to indicate a larger group than is necessarily implied by simply y'all.[22] All y'all can also be used for emphasis; the existence of this etymologically pleonastic form is further evidence that speakers now perceive y'all as a grammatically indivisible unit.[16]

Regional usage[edit]

Frequency of "y'all" to address multiple people, according to a 2011 survey of American dialect variation[23]

United States[edit]

Y'all has been called "perhaps the most distinctive of all grammatical characteristics" of Southern American English, as well as its most prominent characteristic.[13] Linguist Walt Wolfram and English professor Jeffrey Reaser wrote, "No word in the American English vocabulary probably carries as much regional capital."[24] People who move to the South from other regions often adopt the usage, even when other regional usages are not adopted.[25] Outside the southern United States, y'all is most closely associated with African-American Vernacular English.[26] African Americans took Southern usages with them during the twentieth-century exodus from the South to cities in the northeastern United States and other places within the nation. In urban African-American communities outside of the South, the usage of y'all is prominent.[27]

The use of y'all as the dominant second person-plural pronoun is not necessarily universal in the Southern United States. In some dialects of the Ozarks and Great Smoky Mountains, for example, it is common to hear you'uns (a contraction of "you ones") used instead.[16] In the Missouri Ozarks (and adjoining regions of the state), "you-all" is the preferred form, though “all y’all” may be indicated, depending upon context. Other forms have also been used increasingly in the South, including you guys.[16]

A survey conducted in 1996 reported 49% of non-Southerners and 84% of Southerners used y'all or you-all in conversation, with a 1994 survey returning a 5% increase by both groups.[16]

South Africa[edit]

In South Africa, y'all appears across all varieties of South African Indian English.[28] Its lexical similarity to the y'all of the United States may be coincidental.[28]

Rest of the world[edit]

Y'all appears in other dialects of English, including Maori English in New Zealand, and dialects of St. Helena, Tristan da Cunha,[29] and Newfoundland and Labrador.[30]

See also[edit]

Look up y'all in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Look up all y'all in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Water towers loom large". The Cincinnati Enquirer. April 7, 2001. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved July 8, 2010.
  2. ^ you-all Archived March 27, 2019, at the Wayback Machine and y'all Archived July 10, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Dictionary.com. Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary. 2019.
  3. ^ Bernstein, Cynthia: "Grammatical Features of Southern speech: Yall, Might could, and fixin to". English in the Southern United States, 2003, pp. 106 Cambridge University Press
  4. ^ Harper, Douglas. "y'all". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  5. ^ Bailey, Guy (1997). "When did southern American English begin?" Englishes around the world, 1, 255-275.
  6. ^ Parker, David B. (2015). "Y’all: It’s Older Than We Knew Archived September 17, 2020, at the Wayback Machine". History News Network.
  7. ^ Parker, David B. "Y'All: Two Early Examples." American Speech 81.1 (2006): 110-112. .
  8. ^ Devlin, Thomas Moore (2019). "The Rise Of Y'all And The Quest For A Second-Person Plural Pronoun Archived June 6, 2020, at the Wayback Machine". Babbel. Lesson Nine GmbH.
  9. ^ a b c Crystal, David. The Story of English in 100 Words Archived September 28, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. 2011. p. 190.
  10. ^ a b Montgomery, Michael. "British and Irish antecedents" Archived September 28, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, from The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 6, John Algeo, ed. 1992. p.149.
  11. ^ Bernstein, Cynthia: "Grammatical Features of Southern Speech: Yall, Might could, and fixin to". English in the Southern United States, 2003, pp. 108-109 Cambridge University Press
  12. ^ Lipski, John. 1993. "Y'all in American English," English World-Wide 14:23-56.
  13. ^ a b c d e Schneider, Edgar W. "The English dialect heritage of the southern United States" Archived September 8, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, from Legacies of Colonial English, Raymond Hickey, ed. 2005. p.284.
  14. ^ Hickey, Raymond. A Dictionary of Varieties of English Archived October 13, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. 2013. p.231.
  15. ^ a b c Garner, Bryan. Garner's Modern American Usage Archived September 3, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. 2009. p.873.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g Bernstein, Cynthia. "Grammatical features of southern speech" Archived April 8, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, from English in the Southern United States, Stephen J. Nagle, et al. eds. 2003. pp.107-109.
  17. ^ a b Hickey, Raymond. "Rectifying a standard deficiency" Archived September 16, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, from Diachronic Perspectives on Address Term Systems. Irma Taavitsainen, Andreas Juncker, eds. 2003. p.352.
  18. ^ a b c Lerner, Laurence. You Can't Say That! English Usage Today Archived September 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. 2010. p. 218.
  19. ^ Hyman, Eric (2006). "The All of You-All". American Speech. 81 (3): 325–331. doi:10.1215/00031283-2006-022.
  20. ^ Okrent, Anrika (September 14, 2014). "Can Y'all Be Used to Refer to a Single Person?". The Week. The Week Publications. Archived from the original on September 15, 2014. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
  21. ^ Mencken, H.L. (April 4, 2012). The American Language Supplement 2: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States. A. Knopf ebook. ISBN 9780307813442. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  22. ^ Simpson, Teresa R. "How to Use "Y'all" Correctly". Archived from the original on November 18, 2008. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
  23. ^ "Dialect Survey Results". Archived from the original on December 22, 2011. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
  24. ^ Wolfram, Walt; Reaser, Jeffrey (2014). Talkin' Tar Heel : How Our Voices Tell the Story of North Carolina. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-4696-1437-3.
  25. ^ Montgomery, Michael. "Y'all" Archived September 26, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, from The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, Vol. 5: Language. Michael Montgomery et al. eds. 2007.
  26. ^ Baugh, John. Beyond Ebonics. 2000. p.106
  27. ^ Wright, Susan. "'Ah'm going for to give youse a story today': remarks on second person plural pronouns in Englishes" Archived April 29, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, from Taming the Vernacular, Jenny Cheshire and Dieter Stein, Eds. Routledge, 2014. p.177.
  28. ^ a b Mesthrie, Rajend. "South African Indian English", from Focus on South Africa Archived August 4, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. Vivian de Klerk, ed. 1996. pp.88-89.
  29. ^ Schreier, Daniel. "St Helenian English" Archived September 26, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, from The Lesser Known Varieties of English: An Introduction. Daniel Schreier, et al. eds. 2010. pp.235-237, 254.
  30. ^ Clarke, Sandra. "Newfoundland and Labrador English" Archived September 26, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, from The Lesser Known Varieties of English: An Introduction. Daniel Schreier, et al. eds. 2010. p.85.
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